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Inorganic Scintillators in Medical-imaging Detectors C. W. E

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Presentation on theme: "Inorganic Scintillators in Medical-imaging Detectors C. W. E"— Presentation transcript:

1 Inorganic Scintillators in Medical-imaging Detectors C. W. E
Inorganic Scintillators in Medical-imaging Detectors C.W.E. van Eijk Amsterdam, 9 September 2002

2 Efficiency Inorganic scintillator
Radiation in Medical Imaging Energies X-ray imaging Mammography kVp, ~18 keV Radiography, chest kVp Fluoroscopy kVp X-ray CT kVp Nuclear medicine Scintigraphy keV SPECT keV PET keV Modality emission transmission Efficiency Inorganic scintillator

3 Interventional Radiology
Fluoroscopy - Real time - Low dose ImageIntensifier Mobile C-arm system for full surgical and minimally-invasive procedures From: Philips Medical Systems BV300 series

4 Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)
Interventional Radiology minimally-invasive procedure Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)

5 Flat panel detector - Amorphous silicon
Interventional Radiology Flat panel detector - Amorphous silicon Columnar CsI:Tl ADC readout addressing 2k x 2k 40 x 40 cm2 also for radiography Flat X-ray Detectors for Medical Imaging Dr. Michael Overdick Session 5 From: Philips, Aachen

6 Flat panel detector - Amorphous silicon
Interventional Radiology Flat panel detector - Amorphous silicon Photodiode signal depends on: scintillator light yield optical coupling spectral matching diode efficiency From: Philips, Aachen

7 Interventional Radiology
CsI:Tl pillar growth induced by evaporation technique crack structure focussing of light >500 µm layers high MTF From: Philips, Aachen

8 X-ray Computed Tomography
Ceramic scintillators + photodiodes ~ 1 k x 1 mm ~ 16 x 1 mm X-ray source (rotating) + 1-D or 2-D position-sensitive detector X-ray fan beam E. Hell et al, NIM A 454 (2000) 40-48

9 From: W.A. Kalender, CT, 2000, MCD Verlag
X-ray Computed Tomography 1974: 80 x 80 pixels slices of 13 mm spacing 2000: 1024 x 1024 pixels spiral scanning From: W.A. Kalender, CT, 2000, MCD Verlag

10 X-ray Computed Tomography
Ceramic Scintillators 4 density ρZ light yield dec. time afterglow wavel. max. (g/cm3) (106) (phot./MeV) (μs) (% after (nm) 3/100 ms) CdWO4 7.9 ,000 < 0.1/ 0.02 495 Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) , CsI:Tl 4.5 , > >2/ - Gd2O2S:Pr,Ce,F , < 0.1/< Gd2O2S:Pr (UFC) , / Y1.34 Gd0.60 O3:(Eu,Pr) , /< (Hilight) Gd3Ga5O12:Cr,Ce 7.1 ,000 140 < 0.1/0.01 730 Lu2O3:Eu,Tb , > > 1/

11 X-ray Computed Tomography
Afterglow in scintillators 1 angle per < ms From: W.A. Kalendber, CT, 2000, MCD Verlag

12 Positron Emission Tomography
Detector ring (inner diam. ~ 0.8 m) Collinearly emitted 511 keV quanta detected in coincidence Detectors BGO + PMT Bi4Ge3O12 Radiopharmaceutical β+ emitter

13 Positron Emission Tomography
PET systems Siemens-CTI

14 PET Detector Block Efficiency BGO detector block A B 4 PMTs C D
8 x 8 columns 30 mm of 6 x 6 x 30 mm3 Bi4Ge3O12 Efficiency

15 Positron Emission Tomography: 2D & 3D
Septa Septa removed 2D D

16 Positron Emission Tomography
3D PET Increase Random coincidences ~ N2singlesτ Time resolution Energy resolution Light yield Decay time Non-proportionality From: G. Muehllehner et al. & SCINT 2001

17 Positron Emission Tomography
PET Scintillators  /μ 511 keV light yield   (g/cm3) (mm) /PE (%) (photons/MeV) (ns) (nm) Bi4Ge3O (BGO) / , Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO) / , Gd2SiO5:Ce (GSO) / 26 8, LuxY1-xAlO3:Ce (LuAP) / , Lu2Si2O7:Ce (LPS) / , Energy resolution poor

18 photomultiplier readout
Scintillators Energy Resolution LaCl3:Ce(10%) ΔE/E = 3.1 % 600 700 200 400 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 LaCl 3 :Ce counts energy [keV] E (keV) COUNTS photomultiplier readout Hamamatsu R1791 E.V.D. van Loef et al Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 1467

19 incorrect Line of Response
PET basics: Position resolution Efficient High position resolution parallax error or radial elongation Off centre: incorrect Line of Response Remedy: Depth of Interaction measurement DOI

20 PET: Depth of Interaction in HRRT
PMTs Light guides LSO scintillators Lu2SiO5:Ce 7.5 x 2.1 x 2.1 mm3 Different decay times in the two layers  Different pulse shape  DOI PMTs From: D.W. Townsend, C. Morel presented at SCINT 2001 K. Wienhard et al IEEE NSS/MIC CDROM

21 Pulse shape discrimination
PET: DOI Crystal Clear Depth of Interaction LSO LuAP APD array Pulse shape discrimination Saoudi et al IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 46(1999)462, also 479 Seidel et al IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 46(1999)485

22 Positron Emission Tomography
Multi modality PET + MRI Blood flow changes under speech activation (red) Tumor (green) From: Klaus Wienhard MPI für Neurologische Forschung, Köln

23 Inorganic Scintillators in Medical-imaging Detectors
Conclusion Interest in further improvement of inorganic scintillators Fundamental research Especially for PET also Mammography PET Small Animal PET Use of new light detectors APDs Silicon drift detectors C.W.E. van Eijk Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging Phys.Med.Biol. 47 (2002) R85 - R106

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