1. Prediction of Parkinson’s Disease Tremor Onset Using Artificial Neural Networks
Kevin Warwick

2. Road Map Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Treatment on PD Tremor
PD Brain Data Analysis
Artificial Neural Network Prediction
Future Research

4. Parkinson’s Disease What is Parkinson's Disease (PD)?
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Tremor, Slowness of movement, Rigidity, Poor balance
How is PD caused in theory
Substantia nigra
Dopamine
Sir William Richard Gowers (1886)

5. Current PD Treatment Surgical
Drugs – Various forms of Levodopa (L-dopa)
Advantage – effective for early PD patients, cheap
Disadvantage – kyskinesias, unpredictable on-off switching and freezing, chemical side effects.
Surgical
Radio frequency Lesioning – non-reversible
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) – blocks nerve traffic
Levodopa

6. PD Patient’s Brain Data Gathering

8. Road Map Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Treatment on PD Tremor
PD Brain Data Analysis
Artificial Neural Networks Prediction
Future Research

9. DBS Treatment on PD What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
Electrode, a connecting cable and Neurostimulator
Video (Dana Centre)

11. Research Project What is wrong with current DBS?
Large amount of battery usage
Continuous stimulation – overrides brain
Open-Loop
Side Effects?
Create an intelligent DBS system which can predict PD tremor onset using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

13. Road Map Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Treatment on PD Tremor
PD Brain Data Analysis
Artificial Neural Networks Prediction
Future Research

14. PD Patients Brain Data Plot

15. Frequency Domain Analysis

16. Road Map Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Treatment on PD Tremor
PD Brain Data Analysis
Artificial Neural Networks Prediction
Future Research

17. ANN Design Principles

18. MLP Results

20. Road Map Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Treatment on PD Tremor
PD Brain Data Analysis
Artificial Neural Networks Prediction
Comments & Future Research

21. Comments
Aim is to accurately predict tremors and then apply stimulation in order to stop them occurring
Only stimulate when prediction indicates
Needs research into nature of stimulation – frequency/magnitude/time prior for effect/generality with different people
Doesn’t matter so much if false positive predictions
Does matter if false negatives

22. More Comments Every PD case is a little bit different
Not everyone can benefit from stimulation
Probably not everyone will benefit from our prediction + stimulation (subset)
Doesn’t have to be neural network
Hybrid methods probably best
Neural net good for nonlinearities though

23. Future Research More Tests on resting data – no false calls
Test on a broader range of patients to assess general results with our current MLP (male, female, age difference)
Test on other problems (Epilepsy/Tourette’s/Emotional)
Apply feedback loop (MRC project)

24. Surprise Biggest shock has been the prediction time
15/20 seconds seems typical
But this means we know for sure what will happen in the human brain 15/20 seconds before it happens
How long could this time be?
What else could we predict this way?

25. Other Points Developing here an AI brain within the human brain
Use for other diseases – not just PD
Could be used for emotional changes/control
Ethical concerns:
What should predictor/stimulator be used for in humans?
What about responsibility/murders etc?