2. SHAPING A NEW NATION CHAPTER 5

3. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What challenges did the new American republic face, and how did the U.S. Constitution reflect those challenges?

4. SHAPING A NEW NATION Chapter 5 Timeline Textbook pg 142-143 Place the 11 USA Events on your timeline and then answer the following questions on the back of the timeline. Place the 11 USA Events on your timeline and then answer the following questions on the back of the timeline. 1.How long did the nation live under its first blueprint for government, the Articles of Confederation? 2.What event highlights the domestic strife in America during its early years as a nation? 3.Why might 1786 be considered an important year for the promotion of tolerance in America?

5. COLOR CODES Yellow – Write it down! Will be on quiz and test. Yellow – Write it down! Will be on quiz and test. Red – Worth paying close attention to; it will help to know this. This will also include Questions I ask AND the readings. Red – Worth paying close attention to; it will help to know this. This will also include Questions I ask AND the readings. Green – Look this word(s) up on because it will probably be on your test. Green – Look this word(s) up on because it will probably be on your test.

6. Chapter 5 § 1 ALABAMA COS STANDARDS: AL COS 4 – Describe the political system of the United States based on the Constitution of the United States. Obj. 10.4.4: Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation AL COS 7 – Describe causes, courses, and consequences of U.S. expansionism prior to the Civil War, including the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the Louisiana Purchase, the Indian Removal Act, the Trail of Tears, Oregon, the California Gold Rush, and the Western Trails. AL COS 12 – Describe the founding of the first abolitionist societies by Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin and the role played by later critics of slavery, including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, Angelina and Sarah Grimke, Henry David Thoreau, and Charles Sumner. Explain the importance of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 that banned sla very in new states north of the Ohio River.

7. EXPERIMENTING WITH CONFEDERATION MAIN IDEA Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation but found the new government too weak to solve the nation’s problems. WHY IT MATTERS NOW The reaction to the weak Articles of Confederation led to a stronger central government that has continued to expand its power.

8. TERMS & NAMES * REPUBLIC * REPUBLICANISM * INADEQUACIES * ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION * CONFEDERATION * MANIFEST DESTINY * LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 * NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 EXPERIMENTING WITH CONFEDERATION

9. WWW2L As we discuss Chapter 5 § 1, think about how to: Explain the differing ideas of republicanism; Identify three basic issues debated in drafting the Articles of Confederation; Describe the political and economic problems faced by the Confederation. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Explain the importance of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 that banned slavery in new states north of the Ohio River.

10. GRAB BAG OF VIDEO GOODIES! https://youtu.be/WxYHW8Jr0Ng https://youtu.be/WxYHW8Jr0Ng https://youtu.be/WxYHW8Jr0Ng https://youtu.be/KsasRqBW0_A https://youtu.be/KsasRqBW0_A https://youtu.be/KsasRqBW0_A https://youtu.be/3KGG9afW7XY https://youtu.be/3KGG9afW7XY https://youtu.be/3KGG9afW7XY

11. ONE AMERICAN’S STORY JOHN DICKINSON “Two rules I have laid down for myself throughout this contest... First, on all occasions where I am called upon, as a trustee for my countrymen, to deliberate on questions important to their happiness, disdaining all personal advantages to be derived from a suppression of my real sentiments... openly to avow [declare] them; and, secondly,... whenever the public resolutions are taken, to regard them though opposite to my opinion, as sacred... and to join in supporting them as earnestly as if my voice had been given for them.” --quoted in The Life and Times of John Dickinson, 1732-1808

12. THINK ABOUT….. What would happen to a basketball team if every player just concentrated on setting individual records rather than working as a team to win games? What would happen to a basketball team if every player just concentrated on setting individual records rather than working as a team to win games? What would happen to the national government if each state pursued its own interests rather than the whole of the nation? What would happen to the national government if each state pursued its own interests rather than the whole of the nation?

13. COLONIES TO STATES After Revolution: States are self-governing States are self-governing Reluctant to unite under a strong, central govt Reluctant to unite under a strong, central govt People felt more allegiance to state than to Nation People felt more allegiance to state than to Nation Challenge – Develop a system of government that balanced the interest of the several states with those of the nation Challenge – Develop a system of government that balanced the interest of the several states with those of the nation

14. DEMOCRACY VS. REPUBLIC FF, worried that a Democracy would give too much power to uneducated, wanted to create a REPUBLIC FF, worried that a Democracy would give too much power to uneducated, wanted to create a REPUBLIC REPUBLIC - Citizens rule through elected representatives; consent of people. REPUBLIC - Citizens rule through elected representatives; consent of people. Differing views on how to create a successful Republic Differing views on how to create a successful Republic - John Dickinson: Have to put the nation’s good above self. - Adam Smith: pursue own interests = country would handle itself. Pg. 145 – “Unity Through a Republic” – I will pick a reader Pg. 145 – “Unity Through a Republic” – I will pick a reader

15. EXPERIMENTS IN STATE GOVT In developing the plan for government, FF would draw on ideas from state CONSTITUTIONS MOST STATE CONSTITUTIONS INCLUDED: Ltd gov’t power Ltd gov’t power Guart’d specific rights to citizens (i.e. Freedom of speech, religion & the press) Guart’d specific rights to citizens (i.e. Freedom of speech, religion & the press) Emphasis on liberty; not equality Emphasis on liberty; not equality Voting Rights varied WIDELY but usually limited to white males, sometimes had to own property Voting Rights varied WIDELY but usually limited to white males, sometimes had to own property

16. TIME TO GET CREATIVE In developing the plan for government, FF looked back through history at previous republics Ancient Greece & Rome Ancient Greece & Rome Italian city-states Italian city-states England (very briefly following the overthrow of Charles I) England (very briefly following the overthrow of Charles I) Switzerland Switzerland BUT these previous republics didn’t balance needs of the States AND National government SO... The FF proposed a new type of government – a CONFEDERATION A DIVISION OF POWER BETWEEN A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.

17. WHAT WERE THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION? Drafted by 2 nd Continental Congress Drafted by 2 nd Continental Congress (The Committee = 1 delegate from each of the former colonies) (The Committee = 1 delegate from each of the former colonies) Actually started before the end of the Revolutionary War Actually started before the end of the Revolutionary War America’s first attempt at independent government (A precursor to the Constitution) Aimed to build a “firm league of friendship” among 13 states that retained their “sovereignty, freedom and independence.” Aimed to build a “firm league of friendship” among 13 states that retained their “sovereignty, freedom and independence.” THEY DIDN’T WANT TO REPLACE KING W/ANOTHER OPPRESSIVE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT THEY DIDN’T WANT TO REPLACE KING W/ANOTHER OPPRESSIVE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

18. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS – By population or State? Created a unicameral legislature Members of CC saw themselves as representing individual states so decided that each state would have 1 vote regardless of population Representatives would be chosen and paid by state legislatures Passing major legislation required approval of 9/13 states Any change to AOC required approval of all 13 SUPREME POWER – Can it be Divided? Power shared b/w State and National Government Congress had the power to act on matters of common interest to the states States kept all powers not specifically given to the National Government

19. RATIFICATION AND WESTERN LANDS June 12, 1777 - AOC ADOPTED by 2 nd Continental Congress June 12, 1777 - AOC ADOPTED by 2 nd Continental Congress RATIFICATION required by all 13 states before AOC could go into force RATIFICATION required by all 13 states before AOC could go into force 1779 - 12 states had ratified but RATIFICATION WAS DELAYED BY CONFLICT OVER WESTERN LANDS b/w the Appalachian Mts & Mississippi River 1779 - 12 states had ratified but RATIFICATION WAS DELAYED BY CONFLICT OVER WESTERN LANDS b/w the Appalachian Mts & Mississippi River Maryland refused to ratify b/c they feared that Lg states w/claims to western lands would b/c VERY pwrful and overpower smaller states Maryland refused to ratify b/c they feared that Lg states w/claims to western lands would b/c VERY pwrful and overpower smaller states SOLUTION – States with western lands gave up their claims and granted the Confederation control over western lands SOLUTION – States with western lands gave up their claims and granted the Confederation control over western lands March, 1781 – AOC Ratified - With Maryland’s approval, AOC went into effect as America’s blueprint for government

21. LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 When states gave their claims to western lands to the United States, the new nation became “Land rich” even though it was “money poor.” Confederation Congress devises a way to use the land to raise money (Geography Spotlight – pg. 150) LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 Established a plan for dividing the land to be sold Established a plan for dividing the land to be sold 1 Townships = 36 Sections 1 Townships = 36 Sections 1 Section = 1 sq mile (about 640 acres) 1 Section = 1 sq mile (about 640 acres) EDUCATION – Sec. 16 in every TSp set aside for school bldgs EDUCATION – Sec. 16 in every TSp set aside for school bldgs RELIGION – Full sec of land set aside and sold for $$ for Churches and preachers (practice later dropped b/c of separation of church and state) RELIGION – Full sec of land set aside and sold for $$ for Churches and preachers (practice later dropped b/c of separation of church and state) REVENUE – 2 or 3 sec. set aside for sale at a later date (also dropped) REVENUE – 2 or 3 sec. set aside for sale at a later date (also dropped) Could buy a section and divide it into smaller parcels (Typical farm = ¼ section (160 acres) Could buy a section and divide it into smaller parcels (Typical farm = ¼ section (160 acres) Minimum Price = $1.00 acre Minimum Price = $1.00 acre

22. TELL ME SOMETHING GOOD! The Land Ordinance of 1785, stated that land in the west was to be surveyed using a grid system to establish 6 mile blocks. Hoped that buyers would develop farms and establish communities in an orderly way.

23. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787) The NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787) established plan for settling the NW Territory (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) It outlined a plan for western territories to apply for statehood 5,000 free males who own 50 acres could start a gov’t With Population of 60,000, can apply for statehood

24. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 The Northwest Ordinance provides an orderly settlement process in the West. The Northwest Ordinance provides an orderly settlement process in the West. NWO promised NWO promised No Slavery allowed No Slavery allowed Influenced later anti-slavery movements Influenced later anti-slavery movements Public Education Public Education Bill of Rights Bill of Rights Representative Gov’t Representative Gov’t Religious freedom Religious freedom Trial by jury Trial by jury NWO of 1787 – One of the FEW Successes of the Confederation Government NWO of 1787 – One of the FEW Successes of the Confederation Government

26. AOC: STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES PROSCONS States protected from risk of pwrful, tyrannical central gov’t Inconsistent representation in Congress (1 state = 1 vote) States retained independence & sovereignty US gained experience in governing Articles can only be amended w/unanimous vote Provided for common defense force No strong central voice for negotiation Land Ordinance of 1785 & Northwest Ordinance of 1787 No power to regulate interstate commerce & no common $$$$ Power to: Declare War No way to deal with Revolutionary War debt Negotiate w/other countries Postal System No power to Tax (Only states could tax) No Executive Branch to enforce laws or Judicial Branch to interpret them

27. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS Confederation Congress struggled to address problems, such as LACK OF NATIONAL UNITY States’ lack of support for National concerns causes serious issues States pursued their own interests rather than the nations’ Refuse to follow laws and treaties of Congress Sign their own treaties w/foreign countries Raise their own armed forces WAR DEBT Owe Foreign countries, wealthy Americans & Soldiers States refuse to approve tax on imports (focus on their own debts) to help country pay debts Nat’l govt has no control over interstate or foreign trade

28. CREDITORS VS DEBTORS BORROWERS VS LENDERS Disagree over Taxes Postwar Financial Depression means everyone is struggling to pay bills Wealthy people who had lent money to govt want to be repaid Favor high taxes so that states could repay them Farmers will be most affected Will eventually lead to CIVIL UNREST Disagree over Usefulness of Paper Currency Debtors want to supply of money to lessen it value = they can pay off their debts with cheap (?) currency Creditors (Lenders) want to keep supply of money so that it would keep its full value

29. FOREIGN-RELATIONS PROBLEMS GREAT BRITAIN B/C US couldn’t repay debts to British merchants and states wouldn’t compensate Loyalists for property losses suffered in RevoWar, BRITAIN REFUSED TO EVACUATE MILITARY FORTS on Great Lakes SPAIN 1784, CLOSED THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO AMERICAN Navigation Western & Southern farmers can’t ship crops to Eastern Mkts through New Orleans PROBLEMS the Confederation Congress encountered in dealing with FOREIGN NATIONS, along with ECONOMIC and POLITICAL problems, REVEALED the basic WEAKNESSES of the CONFEDERATION government. Americans’ FEAR of giving the NATIONAL government too much POWER had resulted in a government that LACKED sufficient POWER to DEAL with the nation’s PROBLEMS. Americans are beginning to realize that something’s got to give!!

30. REVIEW 1.Explain the differing ideas of republicanism. (TB pg. 145) JOHN DICKINSON’S vs ADAM SMITH’S 2.Identify 3 basic issues debated in drafting the Articles of Confederation. (TB pgs 146-147) REPRESENTATION: POPULATION vs EQUAL REPRESENTATION: POPULATION vs EQUAL SUPREME POWER: NATIONAL vs STATES SUPREME POWER: NATIONAL vs STATES WESTERN LANDS: WHO GETS THEM? WESTERN LANDS: WHO GETS THEM? 3.Describe the political and economic problems faced by the Confederation. (TB pgs 148-149) LACK OF NATIONAL UNITY LACK OF NATIONAL UNITY WAR DEBT WAR DEBT FOREIGN RELATIONS FOREIGN RELATIONS