1. Rf – produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep – achetylcholine
THALAMUS
The thalamus is the gatekeeper and stops signals from the body/brain from going to the cerebral cortex
Also starts the slow brain waves (delta waves) found in deep sleep
Rf – produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep – achetylcholine
Makes up much of the core of the brain stem
Damage to this area can cause coma
Very complex functions that help integrate the brain
Plays a central role in consciousness
Damage to this area can lead to coma or death
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down

2. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
THALAMUS
2) RETICULAR FORMATION
Produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep
Makes up much of the core of the brain stem
Damage to this area can cause a coma or death
Plays a central role in consciousness
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down

3. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
3) PONS
Pons has very special set of neurons which are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Involved with paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem to shut down muscle movement
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

4. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
PONS
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
4) PINEAL GLAND
where the hormone melatonin is produced
Melatonin helps regulate the circadian clock
melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

5. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
THALAMUS
5) AMYGDALA
The emotion centre which is active during dreaming
studies have shown that when we don’t get enough sleep, we have a harder time judging the neutrality of something and become overly emotional
RETICULAR FORMATION
PONS
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
PINEAL GLAND
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

6. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
THALAMUS
6) HIPPOCAMPUS
- Memory region of the brain which is active during dreaming
RETICULAR FORMATION
AMYGDALA
PONS
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
PINEAL GLAND
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

7. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
7) HYPOTHALAMUS
- contains suprachiasmatic nucleus which maintains the circadian clock
- Also contains the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VRLO) which releases neurotransmitters that inhibit wakefulness
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
HIPPOCAMPUS
AMYGDALA
PONS
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
PINEAL GLAND
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters