1. Unit V: States of Consciousness Modules 22 & 23-Consciousness, Hypnosis, Sleep Patterns & Sleep Theories
AP Psychology

2. Consciousness Consciousness-awareness of ourselves & our environment
States of consciousness
Sleep
Wake
Altered states

3. Hypnosis
Hypnosis-social interaction where 1 person responds to another person’s suggestions that certain feelings/perceptions/behaviors will occur spontaneously

4. Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis
Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?
Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?
Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will?
Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?
Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?

5. Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis
Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?
We are all open to suggestion, some people are more “hypnotizable” than others
Measured by SHSS (Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale)
“hypnotic ability”-ability to focus attention totally on a a task, become imaginatively absorbed in it, & to entertain fanciful possibilities

6. Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis
Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?
“Hypnotically refreshed” memories are not totally accurate
Courts in United States (& other countries) do no allow testimonies obtained under hypnosis

7. Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis
Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will?
It can’t force people to act against their will, but some hypnotized people may perform unlikely acts
Research has shown that non-hypnotized people, may do the same

8. Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis
Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?
Hypnosis has been shown to be helpful in treating some issues, but not all
Successful in alleviating chronic headaches, asthma, obesity
Less successful in treating addictions (drug, alcohol, smoking, etc)

9. Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis
Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?
Can RELIEVE pain
Inhibits pain-related brain activity; pain is still present, but is not processed or attended to as it would without hynopsis

10. Circadian Rhythm Circadian rhythm and age
Circadian rhythm-our “biological clock,” regular body rhythms
24 hour cycle
Temperature changes
Body temp rises in the morning, peaks during the day, dips in the early afternoon, & drops in the evening
Circadian rhythm and age
Typically, teens/young adults are at their peak as the day progress
Older adults tend to see their performance decline as the day progresses
This shift usually occurs around 20 (slightly sooner for women)

11. Sleep Stages Two distinct types of sleep:
REM Sleep-rapid eye movement sleep; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
Vivid dreams are typical during this stage of sleep
NREM Sleep-non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

12. Sleep Stages We typically go through 4 sleep stages every 90 minutes:
NREM1
slow eye movement.
sometimes referred to as relaxed wakefulness
Alpha waves begin to disappear
People aroused from this stage often believe that they have been fully awake
NREM2
no eye movement occurs
dreaming is very rare
The sleeper is quite easily awakened

13. Sleep Stages We typically go through 4 sleep stages every 90 minutes:
NREM3
deep sleep
dreaming is more common in this stage than in other stages of NREM sleep (though not as common as in REM sleep)
REM
rapid eye movement, increased heart beat, irregular breathing
vivid dreams commonly occur
Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

14. Sleep Stages
Although the stages are numbered NREM 1, 2, 3, REM; they don’t occur in that order:
Typically, NREM 1 occurs first
NREM 2
NREM 3
REM
The cycle repeats every 90 minutes or so
As the night goes on, NREM 3 sleep becomes shorter & disappears
REM & NREM 2 periods get longer

15. Sleep Stages

16. What Affects Our Sleep Patterns?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.
Melatonin-hormone that induces sleep

17. HW-Using your textbook and/or other sources, identify and explain the 5 reasons psychologists believe that sleep might have evolved in humans.