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Afro-Asian Literature
BLEPT REVIEW 2014 English Specialization Aklan Catholic College Facilitated by: Byron Paul C. Beadoy
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Afro-ASIAN LITERATURE
Indian Literature Chinese Literature Japanese Literature African Literature
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Indian Literature Brought by Aryans around 1500 BC
nomads and highly poetic people worshipped the forces of nature extolled the hereditary deities Agni (fire) Savitri (sun) Usas (dawn) Rudras (storms) Indra (war and rain) Mitra (honor) Varuna (divine authority) Indra, Vishnu (creation)
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6th century BC until abut AD 1000 was the
Indian Literature 6th century BC until abut AD 1000 was the Classical Period epics court poems dramas
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The Indian scriptures can be broadly classified into two categories:
The Shruti literature The Smriti literature.
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Shruti is concerned with ‘the heard’ or ‘the revealed’
Shruti is concerned with ‘the heard’ or ‘the revealed’. Smriti is concerned with ‘the remembered.’ The Vedas and the Upanishads are considered as the Shruti literature. The Sanskrit root ‘shrut’ means ‘to hear’.
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Smriti literature is concerned with ‘that what is remembered’; the literature which was based on the knowledge acquired through the experience or the tradition. The guidelines for ethics, moral obligations, social codes, customs etc. are found in the Smriti literature. The great epics Mahabharata and Ramayana also belong to the Smriti literature.
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Indian Literature The Rigveda
‘hymns of supreme sacred knowledge’ or Samhita foremost collection (1,028 hymns) oldest of Vedas contains energetic hymns comparable to psalms regarded as divinely inspired or heard directly from the gods
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Rig-Veda – considered a scripture of pre-Hindu Vedic religion
Rig-Veda – considered a scripture of pre-Hindu Vedic religion. It is made up of Hymns praising the gods. It represented the spirit of Aryan religiosity after they arrived in India. The hymns are strong, energetic religious expressions comparable to the Old Testament Psalms. The Vedas are the most celebrated possessions of the mankind. The Rig Veda is the oldest literary work in the history of the world.
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The Dhammapada (Way of Truth)
Indian Literature The Dhammapada (Way of Truth) anthology of basic Buddhist teaching in aphoristic style contains 423 stanzas arranged in 26 chapters compared with the Bible’s Christ’s Sermon the Mount
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Indian Literature The Upanishads ‘sitting at the feet f the teacher’
commentary on the thoughts suggested by Rigveda most important doctrine is the existence of single supreme being, the Brahman, and iits union with the Atman or self
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Upanishads – also considered scripture of Vedic religion
Upanishads – also considered scripture of Vedic religion. It is consisted of a group of sketches, illustrations, explanations, and critical comments on the religious thought suggested the hymns of Rig- Veda. The most important philosophical doctrine of the Upanishads is the recognition of the existence of the Brahma, the oversoul, and its identity with the human soul, Atman, or Self.
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Sanskrit Literature Ved Vyasa's Mahabharata and Valmiki's Ramayana, written in Epic Sanskrit, are regarded as the greatest Sanskrit epics. The famous poet and playwright Kālidāsa wrote one epic: Raghuvamsha (Dynasty of Raghu) ; it was written in Classical Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit. Kālidāsa is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Sanskrit literature. He occupies the same position in Sanskrit literature that Shakespeare occupies in English literature.
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Indian Literature EPICS Mahabharata Ramayana
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The Epics of India The epics of India pose commentaries in political and social life, which when seen in its entirety, describes the Hindu world. Mahabharata – It tells the story of the Great Wars between the Pandavas and the Korawas (Kauravas) sometime in 850 BC. Ramayana – It is the story of the wanderings of the banished king in exile, Rama and the kidnapping of his wife, Sita, and his subsequent search for her.
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Indian Literature Mahabharata Vyasa Pandavas Kauravas
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Indian Literature Mahabharata Vyasa Pandavas Kauravas
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Indian Literature Mahabharata Vyasa Pandavas Kauravas
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Indian Literature The Bhagavad Gita (The Blessed Lord’s Song)
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Indian Literature The Ramayana Rama Sita Ravana
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Laksmana Hanuman Valmiki
Indian Literature The Ramayana Laksmana Hanuman Valmiki
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The Panchatantra oldest extant collection of fables in Sanskrit literature dating probably from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD attributed to Indian writer Vishnusharman The fables are organized into five books originally intended to instruct a young prince in the conduct that would ensure his worldly success The Sanskrit original is lost, but was translated into the major languages of Europe and Southeast Asia and has influenced the folktales of those regions
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Indian Literature The Panchatantra
Mitra-bheda: The Separation of Friends Mitra-lābha or Mitra-samprāpti: The Gaining of Friends Kākolūkīyam: War and Peace Labdhapraṇāśam: Loss Of Gains Aparīkṣitakārakaṃ: Rash deeds
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Indian Literature Sakuntala by Kalidasa
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Indian Literature The Little Clay Cart (Mrcchakatka), attributed to Shudraka
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Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Rabindranath Tagore
Indian Literature Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Rabindranath Tagore
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Bengalie literature The first evidence of Bengali literature is known as Charyapada or Charyageeti, Buddhist hymns from the 8th century, the oldest known written form of Bengali. The most internationally famous Bengali writer is Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his work "Gitanjali". He wrote the national anthem of India and Bangladesh namely, "Jana Gana Mana" and "Amar Sonar Bangla", respectively. He was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize.
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The Taj Mahal, Sahir Ludhianvi
Indian Literature The Taj Mahal, Sahir Ludhianvi
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Kalidasa Rabindranath Tagore Prem Chand
Indian Literature Major Writers in India Kalidasa Rabindranath Tagore Prem Chand
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Kamala Markandaya R.K. Narayan Anita Desai
Indian Literature Major Writers in India Kamala Markandaya R.K. Narayan Anita Desai
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Vir Singh Arundhati Roy
Indian Literature Major Writers in India Vir Singh Arundhati Roy
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Chinese Literature Chinese literature and all Chinese culture has been profoundly influenced by three great school of thoughts: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
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It is the literature of a large multicultural area that became an empire in the 3rd century bc. This empire lasted until 1911, when the Republic of China was formed. Most of the literature prior to the 20th century was written or collected by officials who were part of the imperial system or by men educated as a part of this system. Chinese literature therefore has many connections with the history of China and with the major philosophical and religious beliefs of the society.
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Poetry and essays were the major forms of Chinese literature prior to the 20th century. Yet over the centuries the Chinese also developed traditions of fiction and drama. All forms of Chinese literature have had a major influence on the writings of Korea, Japan, and neighboring countries of Central and Southeast Asia.
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Most of the writing attributed to the first 1,000 years of Chinese literature is contained in a set of texts endorsed in the 6th century bc by the philosopher Confucius in a record of his conversations entitled Lunyu (The Analects).
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The texts promoted by Confucius became known in later centuries as Jing (Classics),
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the six Confucian Classics
The I Ching (Yi jing, or Book of Changes) presents the universe and human society as constantly changing but having a definable order. The Shu jing (Book of History) concerns itself primarily with the practices of good government. The Shi jing (Book of Songs) is a collection of folk songs, love poems, and ceremonial odes. The verses are in lines of four characters (or syllables) and use rhyme and alliteration (repetition of the initial letter). All the verses in the Shi jing have been treated as moral allegories. The Li ji (Book of Ritual) contains detailed discussions of the principles of conduct at court and in private ceremonies.
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The Chun qiu (Spring and Autumn Annals) is a simple chronicle of the state of Lu, where Confucius was born, in the years from 722 to 481 bc (known as the Spring and Autumn period). With it are associated two interpretative commentaries, and a longer one, the Zuo Zhuan, which is a collection of narratives concerning all the Chinese feudal states during this period. The Zuo Zhuan (Tso Chuan) is the first great historical text of Chinese literature. The Yue jing (The Book of Music) is believed to have been lost before the founding of the Han dynasty, and there is no known copy in existence.
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The Book f Songs (Shih Ching)
Chinese Literature The Book f Songs (Shih Ching)
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Chinese Literature The Analects (Lun Yu) Confucius
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The Tao Te Ching (Classic of the Way of Power)
Chinese Literature The Tao Te Ching (Classic of the Way of Power)
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Chinese Literature Lao Tzu
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Chinese Literature Li po Tu Fu The T’ang Poets
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Chinese Literature The Book of Changes
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Chinese Literature The Parables of Ancient Philosophers
Record of a Journey to the West by Wu Chengen Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan The Injustice Done to Tou Ngo by Guan Han-Cheng Romance f the Three Kingdoms A Country By Quits School by La Hsiang Literature for the Masses by Mao Tse-Tung
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Major Chinese Writers Taoist Writers Chuang Tzu Lieh Tzu Lui An
Chinese Literature Major Chinese Writers Taoist Writers Chuang Tzu Lieh Tzu Lui An
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Major Chinese Writers Ssu-ma C’ien
Chinese Literature Major Chinese Writers Ssu-ma C’ien
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Major Chinese Writers T’ang Poets Li Po Tu Fu Wang Wei
Chinese Literature Major Chinese Writers T’ang Poets Li Po Tu Fu Wang Wei
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Major Chinese Writers Po Chui Li Ch’ing-chao Chou-Shu-jen
Chinese Literature Major Chinese Writers Po Chui Li Ch’ing-chao Chou-Shu-jen
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Japanese Literature Shinto Legends
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Poetry is one of the oldest and most popular means of expression and communication in the Japanese culture. Poetry has already existed for centuries as part of oral tradition of the Japanese. The first anthology of Japanese poetry is the Manyoshu, or the ‘Book of Ten Thousand Leaves.’
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choka A poem that consists of alternate lines of five and seven syllables with an additional seven-syllable line at the end. Unlike other Japanese verse forms, there is no limit to the number of lines in a choka.
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Tanka A poetic form consists of five lines of five, seven, five, seven, seven syllables The common subjects are love and nature Tanka poets generally exhibit restraint, relying on clear, powerful imagery to evoke an emotional response rather than using abstract words to directly express their feelings.
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haiku A poetic form consists of three lines of five, seven, five syllables Originally the opening verse (the hokku) of a renga, a form of collaborative poetry, but later the haiku developed into a distinct literary form. Haiku are characterized by precision, simplicity, and suggestiveness. Almost all haiku contains a kigo, a seasonal word, such as cherry blossoms, snow, falling leaves.
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The Tokugawa period Period named after the ruler Tokugawa Iyeyasu. Haikus and the poetic travel accounts of Basho are some of the famous works in this era.
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Noh play The earliest surviving form of Japanese drama
performed on an almost bare stage by a small cast of actors wearing masks; the actors are accompanied by a chorus; and the play is written either in verse or in highly poetic prose.
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Two other forms of drama emerged later: the Joruri (now called Bunraku) and Kabuki. Joruri is staged using puppets. Kabuki involves lively, melodramatic acting and is staged using elaborate and colorful costume and sets.
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Japanese Literature The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon
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Japanese Literature The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu
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Japanese Literature The Tale of Heike
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Japanese Literature Essays in Idleness by Yoshida Kenko
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The Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters)
Japanese Literature The Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters)
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Japanese Literature Atsumori by Seami Motokiyo
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Japanese Literature In the Grove by Ryunosuke Akutagawa
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Japanese Literature The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon
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Japanese Literature Major Japanese Writers
Seami Motokiyo Matsuo Basho Yosa Buson Kobayashi Issa
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Japanese Literature Major Japanese Writers
Yasunari Kawabata Junichiro Tanizaki Yukio Mashima
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Japanese Literature Major Japanese Writers
Dazai Ozamu Ryunosuke Akutagawa Oe Kenzaburo
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african Literature Most of Africa’s written literature is in European languages, owing to European colonization of the continent from the 16th century to the mid-20th century.
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Leopard Sedar Senghor Okot P’Bitek Wole Soyinka
African Literature Major African Writers Leopard Sedar Senghor Okot P’Bitek Wole Soyinka
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Chinua Achebe Nadine Gordimer Bessie Head
African Literature Major African Writers Chinua Achebe Nadine Gordimer Bessie Head
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Barbara Kimenye Ousmane Sembene
African Literature Major African Writers Barbara Kimenye Ousmane Sembene
