1. What do you expect? or A Taste of Metaphrasing.

2. https://suehallnet.wordpress.com/category/history/

3. Temple of Saturn and Temple of Vespasian, Roman Forum.

4. A small second–third c. C. E. fragment of Plato’s Phædo P. Mich. inv

5. Building (conscious and well-informed) reading expectations.
What do I see? 
What do I have?
What do I expect?

6. Metaphrasing
Latin for Reading’s definition: “…a technique that relates the Latin system of morphology and syntax to English word-order patterns” (Knudsvig, Seligson, Craig, 1986).
A means of noting and keeping track of your reading expectations, and noticing when they are fulfilled.

7. virum

8. virum What do I see. (Think about morphology / forms here
virum What do I see? (Think about morphology / forms here.)  What do I have? (Think about syntax/cases uses.) What do I expect? (Think about syntax and sentence completeness.)

9. virum What do I see? This is a noun in the accusative singular masculine.  What do I have? With no preposition in front of it, it’s likely a direct object. What do I expect? I would like to have a subject and a transitive verb. “Someone does something to a man.” “Subject verbs a man.”

10. consilium

11. “A plan verbs a direct object.”
consilium
“A plan verbs a direct object.” OR
“Subject verbs a plan.”

12. “A plan verbs a direct object.” OR “The leader verbs a plan.”
consilium dux
“A plan verbs a direct object.” OR
“The leader verbs a plan.”

13. rapiunt

14. “Subjects snatch a direct object.”
rapiunt
“Subjects snatch a direct object.”

15. ambulant

16. ambulant
“Subjects walk.”

17. “Subjects snatch a direct object.” Transitive Active
rapiunt
“Subjects snatch a direct object.”
Transitive Active
sentence pattern / kernel type
(transitive active) V S DO
ambulant
“Subjects walk.”
Inransitive Active
(intransitive active) V S
Talk about transitive/intransitice

18. rapiuntur

19. “Subjects/patients are snatched [by an agent].”
rapiuntur
“Subjects/patients are snatched [by an agent].”
N. B.
With a passive verb *no* expectation of a DO is raised.
Only transitive verbs can have a subject/patient.
The agent is an expansion item, a modifier, not necessary for completeness.

20. (transitive passive) V S
rapiuntur
“Subjects/patients are snatched [by an agent].”
Passive kernel type
(transitive passive) V S

21. “A plan verbs a direct object.”
consilium
“A plan verbs a direct object.” OR
“Subject verbs a plan.”

22. “A plan verbs a direct object.”
consilium est
“A plan verbs a direct object.” OR
“Subject verbs a plan.”
“A plan is something.”
“Something is a plan.”

23. (linking) V S Subject Complement
consilium est
“A plan is something.” OR
“Something is a plan.”
Linking kernel type
(linking) V S Subject Complement

24. Kernel types
Transitive active: (transitive active) S V DO Intransitive active: (intransitive active) S V Passive: (transitive passive) S V Linking: S LV Subject Complement Factitive: S V DO Object Complement ____________ Special Intransitive: S (sp. intrans.) V Dative Object Special Linking: S LV Dative Complement Impersonal passive: (intransitive passive) V