1. Muscles and Bones

3. This lesson covers: Part 1 - Five functions of bones
Part 2 – Parts of a bone
Part 3 – Types of joints
Part 4 – Bone names
Part 5 – Connective Tissue
Part 6 – Three types of muscles
Part 7 – How muscles work
Part 8 – Muscle names
Part 9 – Muscle and bone problems
Part 10 – Care of muscles & bones

4. Bones are part of what body system?

5. Part 1: Five functions of bones
Your bones have five really important jobs:
Protection
Structure & Support
Movement
Production
Storage

6. 1) Protection Your bones protect important body organs
For example, your skull protects your brain

7. 1) Protection Your ribs protect your lungs and heart
Your vertebrae protect your spinal cord

8. 2) Structure and Support
Your bones give your body structure, support, and shape
Without bones, you would be a giant blob

9. Can you guess the animal based on the shape of the skeleton?
Dog
Bat
Snake
Frog
Can you guess the animal based on the shape of the skeleton?

10. Muscles connect to bones to allow for movement

11. Muscles contract, pulling your bones in a certain direction
3) Movement

12. 4) Production
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made in the bone marrow

13. Minerals like calcium and phosphorus are stored inside your bones
5) Storage

14. These minerals make bones strong and hard to break
5) Store Minerals

15. ‘Dem Bones Are Important!

16. Part 2: Parts of a bone The saying “dry as a bone” is not correct
Bones are alive
They have all sorts of cool layers

17. Label the Bone Parts: Bone Marrow Spongy Bone Bone Marrow Cavity
Periosteum
Compact Bone
Label the Bone Parts:

18. Explain the Bone Parts:
Bone Marrow: Where blood cells are formed
Spongy Bone: Lighter, more porous
Periosteum: Thin outer membrane
Peri = outer, edge Osteo = bone
Bone Marrow Cavity: Contains bone marrow
Compact Bone: Harder, heavier, more dense

19. You can even explore bone cell structure if you wish!

20. Osteons are cylinder-shaped structures containing bone cells
See how bone cells connect to each other for strength
Osteons are cylinder-shaped structures containing bone cells

21. Bones are cool, yo !

22. Part 3: Types of Joints
Any point at which bones meet is called a joint
Most joints are movable, such as elbows, knees, fingers, and toes

23. Part 3: Types of Joints Some joints do not move For example:
Where bones of your skull meet
Your tailbone (coccyx)

24. Sutures are the points where immovable joints connect

25. Newborn babies have soft spots where the sutures have not yet closed permanently

26. Let’s look at the following kinds of joints:
Hinge
Gliding
Pivot
Ball and Socket

27. Hinge Joints: One direction only Like a door hinge
Knees & elbows are hinges

28. Gliding Joints: Bones can slide and rub against each other
Limited movement
Wrists, ankles

29. Pivot Joints: Allow for spinning and limited rotation
Where radius meets humerus at elbow
Where head meets neck

30. Ball and Socket Joints:
Move in all directions
Allow rotation
Hips and shoulders

31. Part 4: Bone names
Your body has 206 bones!
Each bone has a name

32. 2 Skeletons
Axial- The central portion or the skeleton that your extremities(arms and legs) attach to. They include the cranium, vertebrae, and ribs for a total of 80 bones.
Appendicular- The upper and lower extremities that attach to the axial. They include arms, shoulders, legs and hips for a total of 126 bones.

33. Types of Bones
1. Long bones-(arms and legs, hands and feet)- shaped like tubes with knobs at each end
2. Short bones-(wrists, ankles, kneecaps)- used for small movements and assist with balance of weight.
3. Flat bones-(skull, ribs, sternum)-used for protection, shape and support
4. Irregular bones-(vertebrae, ossicles, hyoid)-have a variety of irregular shapes and purposes

34. 206 Bones? Cranial bones (8) Facial bones (14) In the middle ears (6)
In the throat (1)
Shoulder girdle (4)
In the thorax (25)
Ribs (2 x 12)
Vertebral column (24)
In the arms (2)
In the forearms (4)
In the hands (54)
In the pelvis (4)
In the thighs (2)
In the legs (6)
In the feet (52)

35. Let’s learn the names of a few common bones:

36. Skull Bones:

37. Front view of Skull:

38. Side View of Skull:

39. Arm and Hand Bones:

40. How many ribs do you have?

41. Vertebrae (back bones)
7 total
12 total
5 total
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 4
Vertebrae (back bones)

42. Pelvis Bone Anatomy:

43. Leg and Foot Bones:

44. Can You Name Them Bones?

45. 1 – Cranium (skull)
2 – Mandible (jaw)
3 – Clavicle (collar bone)
4 – Sternum (breast bone)
5 - Humerus
6 - Ribs
7 – Vertebrae (back)
8 - Pelvis
9 – Ulna (pinky side)
10 – Radius (thumb side)
11 - Carpals
12 - Metacarpals
13 – Phalanges (fingers)
14 - Femur
15 – Patella (knee cap)
16 – Tibia (shin)
17 – Fibula (outside ankle)
18 - Tarsals
19 - Metatarsals
20 – Phalanges (toes)

46. Good job, you bone heads!

47. Part 5: Connective Tissue
Let’s look at four types of connective tissue
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Synovial Fluid

48. Ligaments:
Connect bones to bones at a joint

49. Ligaments: Strong cords of tissue that hold your skeleton together
Keep your joints from popping out of place every time you move

50. Ligaments:
Ligaments can be damaged!

51. Tendons:
Attach muscle to bone

52. Tendons:
Tough bands of tissue
Very strong and flexible

53. Tendons:
The Achilles Tendon attaches the calf muscle to the back of the heel
Rupturing this tendon is not a good idea

54. Cartilage:
Strong, flexible tissue which provides cushioning where bones meet
Also provides for some movement

55. Places made of Cartilage:
Nose
Ears

56. Places made of Cartilage:
Where the ribs meet the sternum
Places made of Cartilage:

57. Places made of Cartilage:
In rings around the trachea (windpipe)
Keeps your breathing tube from collapsing

58. Places made of Cartilage:
Anywhere long bones meet
Knees, elbows, ankles, you name it!
Places made of Cartilage:

59. Synovial Fluid: Lubricates the joints where the bones meet
Very slimy and slippery

60. Synovial Fluid:
Without proper synovial fluid, your cartilage is damaged
Bones rub against rough cartilage, causing pain

61. Part 6: Three types of muscles
Skeletal (voluntary)
Smooth (involuntary)
Cardiac (heart)

62. Types of Muscle: Found only in the heart
Striped or striated, you can move voluntarily
Found on stomach, intestines, cannot voluntarily move

63. Microscopic Slides:

65. Part 7: How muscles work
Muscles contract because nerves from your brain and spinal cord tell them to contract

66. Nerve Cell
Microscopic view of a nerve cell (neuron) connecting to muscle cells
Muscle Cells
How muscles work:

67. How muscles work:
Most voluntary muscles work in opposing pairs on opposite sides of a joint
One muscle contracts, the other relaxes

68. One example: The biceps contract, the triceps relax
The triceps contract, the biceps relax
One example:

69. Another example: Back muscles and abdominal muscles work in opposition
One contracts, the other relaxes

70. Last Example: Chest and back muscles work in opposition
Chest muscles push arms out, back muscles pull arms back
Last Example:

71. Part 8: Muscle names There are over 600 muscles in the human body
Each has a name!

72. Names of Common Muscles

73. What is your Shoulder muscle called?

74. What is your Chest muscle called?

75. What is the muscle which connects your neck and shoulders called?

76. What is the large pulling back muscle called?

77. What are you buttocks (rear end) muscles called?

78. What is the name of the muscle group on the back of your arm called?

79. What is the name of the muscle group on the front of your arm called?

80. What are your Calf muscles called?

81. What are your Front Thigh muscles called?

82. What are your Back Thigh muscles called?

83. What are your Abdominal muscles called?

84. ? First Letters are given as hintsD L G H C A D P B A Q
? First Letters are given as hints

85. Good job, muscle heads!

86. Part 9: Muscle and bone problems
Let’s examine the following bone problems:
Osteoporosis
Fractures
Arthritis
Scoliosis

87. 1. Osteoporosis: Brittle and porous bones It develops over time
Affects women more than men

88. 1. Osteoporosis: What increases risk? Not enough calcium and Vitamin D
Not enough exercise
Lack of certain hormones
1. Osteoporosis:

89. 1. Osteoporosis: Can lead to broken bones
Can lead to shortened stature and posture problems

90. 2. Fractures: A break in a bone is called a fracture
Let’s look at several types of fractures

91. Greenstick Fracture: Bone is not completely broken
Sometimes called a “hairline” fracture

92. Simple Fracture: Bone is broken completely
Bone has not poked through the skin
Simple Fracture:

93. Compound Fracture: Bone is broken completely
Bone is poking through the skin

94. Spiral Fracture: Caused by a twisting or spinning action
For example, a runner’s foot gets caught in pot hole
Spiral Fracture:

95. Transverse Fracture:
Bone is broken straight across at a right angle

96. Comminuted Fracture:
Bone is broken, splintered or crushed into a number of pieces

97. A bone is broken in more than one place
Multiple Fracture:

98. 3. Arthritis:
A breakdown of cartilage that causes joint swelling, stiffness, and pain

99. 3. Arthritis: Usually builds up over time
Often caused by wear and tear and injuries
3. Arthritis:

100. 3. Arthritis: There are many forms of arthritis
Some forms even affect teens and children!

101. 4. Scoliosis
A side-ways irregular curvature of the spine

102. Affects about 7 million people in the United States
4. Scoliosis:

103. 4. Scoliosis: Most school systems do scoliosis screenings
Easier to treat if diagnosed early

104. What about muscle problems?
Many muscle problems are discussed in the Unit on Physical Activities and Fitness
What about muscle problems?

105. Part 10: Care of muscles and bones
Muscles and bones must be taken care of and protected!

106. Follow our advice:

107. Ways to care for your bones …

108. 1 – Be physically active:
Physical activity makes bones stronger and more dense

109. 2 – Eat foods high in calcium and phosphorus:
These minerals make bones stronger
Found in milk products, beans, many vegetables

110. 3 – Sit, stand, and walk with straight posture:
Protects spine and spinal cord

111. 4 – Pay attention to your shoes:
Properly fitting good shoes help support the bones of the feet and help prevent shin splints

112. 5 – Wear proper safety equipment when playing sports:
Safety equipment may help prevent bone and joint injuries

113. 6 – Wear safety belts in your motor vehicle:
Motor vehicle accidents can result in bone injuries, so wear you safety belt

114. Ways to care for your muscles …

115. 1 – Engage in regular physical activity:
Builds strength and endurance of skeletal and heart muscle
Use them or lose them!
1 – Engage in regular physical activity:

116. 2 – Warm up before and cool down after physical activities properly:
Reduces the risk of pulled muscles and other injuries
2 – Warm up before and cool down after physical activities properly:

117. 3 – Eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein:
Carbs give you energy
Protein builds and repairs muscle tissue
3 – Eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein:

118. 4 – Maintain healthy weight:
Extra body weight puts a strain on your muscles and heart
Too much weight makes physical activity more difficult
4 – Maintain healthy weight:

119. 5 – Learn to lift properly:
Do not do what this guy is doing!
Bend your knees
Keep your back straight
Use your leg muscles
5 – Learn to lift properly:

120. 5 – Learn to lift properly:
This is the proper way to lift!
5 – Learn to lift properly:

121. Thanks for paying attention