1. Nationalism Between WWI & WWII
China
India
Turkey
Nationalism Between WWI & WWII
Sun Yat Sen
Chiang Kai Shek
Mao Zedong
Mohandas Gandhi
Kemal Ataturk

2. Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule
Chinese Nationalism is rising in the late 19th and early 20th century
The Kuomintang (Guomindang) or Chinese Nationalist Party struggled to overthrow the Qing Dynasty after the death of Empress Cixi in 1908.
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) became the president of the first Republic of China in 1912
Sun established Three Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy & Economic Security (1. End to foreign control, 2. People’s rights, & 3. People’s livelihood)
Sun could not control the republic and in 1916 China was nearly in a Civil War between Nationalists & Warlords
In 1917 China declared war on Germany hoping to regain lost territory, but in 1919 the Treaty of Versailles gave Shandong Province to Japan as payment for helping the Allies during WWI

3. Communism Rises in China
On May 4th, 1919 over 3000 angry students led by a young teacher named Mao Zedong protested the West and the unfair Treaty of Versailles
This protest drew in workers, shopkeepers, professionals & business owners & spread throughout China. It was called The May 4th Movement.
Sun Yat Sen witnessed the commitment to change during the protest but lacked support from the growing Chinese Communist Party due to his alliance with Western democracies
In 1920 & 1921 Mao Zedong met with other Marxist followers to form the Chinese Communist Party
Sun Yat Sen & Mao Zedong joined the CCP and Kuomintang together in order to gain the support from the Chinese peasants
Chinese Communists met with V.I. Lenin from the USSR in 1923 and formed an alliance

4. Communists Battle Warlords & Nationalists
After Sun Yat Sen died in 1925 his successor Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi) took over control of the Kuomintang
At first Jiang joined forces with the Chinese Communist Party to fight warlords in the countryside in an effort to unify China once again
In April 1927 Kuomintang (Nationalist) troops attacked Communists in the streets of Shanghai, nearly killing all of China’s communists
In 1928 Jiang was named president of The National Republic of China and immediately gained support from the US & Great Britain; the USSR supported the Communists against the Nationalists.
Because of corruption in Jiang’s government the Chinese peasants supported the communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong
A Civil War began between the two groups that lasted until 1949

5. The Chinese Civil War
By 1930 Nationalists & Communists were fighting a long, bloody Civil War
Mao Zedong led his communists into China’s interior where he recruited a large army of Chinese peasants trained in guerilla warfare
Nationalists repeatedly attacked communists but failed to defeat them, instead the communists fled deeper into China and were forced to go a 6,000 mile trek known as The Long March in 1934
700,000 Nationalist troops pursued the 100,000 Communists; only between 10,000 & 30,000 communists survived the attack
Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 saved the Communists by suspending the Civil War and forcing the Nationalists to form an alliance with the Communists in order to save China from being conquered by Japan

6. The Long March

7. INDia PURSUES iNDEPENDENCE

8. Nationalism in India & Southwest Asia
Indian Nationalism had been increasing since the Sepoy Rebellion was crushed in 1858 and India was placed under direct rule by Great Britain
In 1885 a new group formed in India to push for self-government called the Indian National Congress (INC); this organization worked together with the Muslim League (formed in 1906) to end foreign rule in India
During WWI over 1 million Indian troops enlisted to help the British fight against the Central Powers. In exchange for their help the soldiers were promised self-rule after the war ended.
In 1918, when WWI ended these troops returned to India only to find that the British refused to grant them their own government
Many Indians protested against Great Britain and also engaged in strikes & riots
As a result the British passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 which forbid protests and sent protesters to prison for up to 2 years without a trial

9. The Amritsar Massacre
In the spring of 1919 over 10,000 Hindus and Muslims gathered to attend a festival in Amritsar, the capital city of Punjab, India
The gathering & demonstration was forbidden by the British and their law (The Rowlatt Act)
British General Reginal Dyer order troops to fire on the crowd without warning
British troops killed nearly 400 and wounded nearly 1200 Indian citizens
News of the massacre reached worldwide and many Indians called for revolution against the British

10. Mohandas K. Gandhi: A Man of Non-Violence
After the Amritsar Massacre in 1919 a young lawyer who trained in British controlled South Africa, India & England named Mohandas K. Gandhi took on the cause of the Indian people against Great Britain
Gandhi used non-violent methods based on his religious beliefs and his knowledge of British laws
Gandhi organized the Indian people and instructed them to use civil disobedience (disobeying unfair laws) in order to reduce Great Britain’s control over India
Gandhi rallied the Indian people to boycott British-made goods, especially cloth
His Cloth Boycott called on all Indian people to make their own cloth using spinning wheels to produce homespun cloth
In 1930 Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy Great Britain’s Salt Acts which forbid Indians from making their own salt
Gandhi created a 240 mile journey to the ocean called The Salt March where thousands of Indian citizens marched to the Indian Ocean to make their own salt in defiance of British laws

11. The Difficult Road to Peace & Independence
Great Britain responded harshly to the Salt March; many people were beaten & jailed for their actions, including Gandhi
Despite the negative response of Great Britain toward Gandhi and his methods Gandhi was escorted to England to meet with Parliament
In 1935 the British passed the Government of India Act which provided for local self-government and limited democratic elections
Unfortunately World War II intervened and put the independence process on hold for Indian until 1946
Gandhi’s actions inspired many other peaceful leaders worldwide to use non-violent tactics such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

12. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: The Father of Modern Turkey

13. The Modernization of Turkey
By the end of WWI the Ottoman Empire had been broken up by the Treaty of Versailles and all that remained of its territory was the modern nation of Turkey
In 1919 a war with Greece threatened to take over the remaining territory
In 1922 a brilliant military commander named Mustafa Kemal led a group of Turkish Nationalists to overthrow the last Ottoman Sultan
In 1923 Kemal became the president of the new Republic of Turkey and created many reforms in order to help make Turkey a modern nation

14. Turkey Westernizes
Kemal created many new programs and reforms in Turkey, including undertaking the modernization of Turkey
He separated the Civil Code of laws from Sharia (Islamic) law and abolished religious court systems
Women gained more rights including the right to vote and the right to run for public office
Kemal also used government funding to help industrialize Turkey and help restore the economy
He also adopted a Western-style alphabet and abandoned Arabic letters
His reforms for westernization in Turkey including adopting western clothing and banning the fez (a brimless felt hat)