1. Human Growth and Development

2. Areas of Human Development
Physical development: growth and development of the body's muscles, bones, energy systems, and the nervous system
Cognitive development: individual's ability to interpret and process information; emotional development, development of a person's self- concept, or awareness of one's self

3. Cont...
Motor or skills development: combination of cognitive and physical development, whereby humans develop the ability to perform a wide range of tasks
Social development: development of relationships with peers, friends, relatives, adults, and others in the “outside world”

4. Age and Physical Development
Chronological age: age measured in years, months and days
Skeletal age: age as indicated by the physical maturity of the skeleton; the degree of ossification of bones
Factos include: nutrition and diet, disease, and major bone injuries – can cause a person's skeletage age to lag behind their chronological age
Developmental age: age as expressed by one's ability to perform certain tasks

5. Human Morphology
During growth phases, people develop into one of three key body types
Used to classify people's appearance and physical structure
This categorization is called morphology

6. Body Types
Endomorphic: tend to have more fatty tissue and thicker body parts
Mesomorphic: often maturing early as children, tend to develop stocky, heavily muscled, and broader bodies
Ectomorphic: generally later to reach maturity, people with this body type develop a thinner body, characterized by narrow hips and longer legs and arms

7. The Stages of Physical Human Growth and Development
Human growth and development continues throughout a person's life
Takes place at different rates during different stages
Males and females develop at different rates
Human growth and developments has been divided into 4 different stages

8. 1. Infancy/Toddler (zero - 2/3 yrs)
Most growth relative to other stages
Body weight will increase by 300%
Height or body length will increase by 50%
Considerable muscular development and gains in their ability to perform basic tasks
Grasp, crawl, pull themselves up, start walking

9. Childhood (4-10 yrs)
From 4 to 6 years of age, children continue to maintain a fairly rapid rate of growth
From 6 to 10 years, the body undergoes a stabilizing period in which there is a uniform relationship between bone and tissue growth and development
This allows children to begin to establish an important base of motor skills
Children in this stage tend to vary in height and weight

10. Puberty/Adolescence (11-18 yrs)
Growth speeds up again during this stage
Great range of changes, both physical and psychological
Both genders grow into sexual maturity
Changes occur in physical appearance and body function (production of semen/menstruation)
These changes take on a social and behavioural context

11. Adulthood (18+)
By this stage most of the body's growth has taken place
Wide range of changes can take place as people get older
Gains in weight
Reduced capacity to take in and utilize oxygen
Rise in blood pressure and resting heart rate
Various deterioration in joints
Affected by diet, exercise, stress, etc.

12. Cognitive Development
The changes that take place in a person's ability to interpret and process information, as well as alterations in their emotional development
Establishment of a person's self-concept or awareness of one's self

13. Jean Piaget (1896 -1980) Swiss psychologist
Based on his study of thousands of young children he came up with Piaget's four stages of cognitive development
Used to describe the ways in which cognitive development occurs in children
Sensorimotor stage
Pre-operational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage

14. Sensorimotor Stage Infancy (0-2 yrs old)
Characterized by an infant demonstrating intelligence by means of motor activity without the use of symbols
They can crawl just they can't recognize symbols, letters, numbers, or read
Knowledge is based purely on their own immediate experience

15. Pre-Operational Stage
toddler/early childhood (2-7 yrs old)
Children demonstrate intelligence through the use of symbols and pictorial representations of real-life objects
They can recognize and reproduce
Language abilities begin to develop considerably
Significant growth in their memory and imagination
“Egocentric” - largely incapable of understanding another person's point of view

16. Concrete Opperational Stage
elementary/early adolescence (7-11 yrs old)
Logical thinking develops
Able to solve more concrete, hands-on problems
Can start to classify objects
Can understand logical sequences in reverse
Begin to limit egocentric thought and start to develop a capacity for empathy with feelings for others

17. Formal Operational Stage
adolescence/early adulthood (11-15 yrs old)
Demonstrate intelligence through their ability to solve increasingly complicated abstract problems using logic
Understanding of how symbols are used
Often return to egocentric thinking patterns
Begin thinking about social issues, their own identity and appearance