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Presentation Plus! Glencoe World History: Modern Times
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2. Splash Screen

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Independence in Africa
Section 2 Conflict in the Middle East
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Contents

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Intro 1

5. Key Events
As you read this chapter, look for the key events in the development of Africa and the Middle East. 
From the 1950s to the 1970s, most African nations gained independence from colonial powers. 
Israel declared statehood on May 14, 1948, creating conflict and struggle between the new state and its neighbors.
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Intro 2

6. The Impact Today
The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. 
Many African nations struggle with political and economic stability. 
The United States continues to work with the Israelis and Palestinians to find a peaceful solution to their territorial disputes.
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Intro 3

7. Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 
describe the ways in which independent nations emerged in Africa. 
list the ethnic, cultural, environmental, and economic challenges facing African nations. 
describe how the Cold War and nationalism affected politics in the Middle East. 
identify the steps and people involved in the Middle East peace process.
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Intro 4

8. End of Intro

9. Independence in Africa
Main Ideas
People hoped that independence would bring democratic governments, but many African nations fell victim to military regimes and one-party states. 
Culturally and economically, African nations struggled to resolve the tension between the modern and the traditional. 
Key Terms
apartheid 
Pan-Africanism
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Section 1-1

10. Independence in Africa
People to Identify
Kwame Nkrumah 
Desmond Tutu 
Chinua Achebe 
Nelson Mandela 
Julius Nyerere 
Places to Locate
South Africa 
Liberia 
Nigeria
Kenya 
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Section 1-2

11. Independence in Africa
Preview Questions
What economic problems did independent African nations face? 
How have social tensions impacted African culture?
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Section 1-3

12. Independence in Africa
Preview of Events
Section 1-4

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Section 1-5

14. International boycotts were used to pressure South Africa to end apartheid– a complete separation of the races. In 1976, the UN asked its members to boycott trade with South Africa and stop competing against South Africa’s athletes.
Section 1-6

15. The Transition to Independence
During the 1950s and 1960s, most black African nations gained their independence from European colonial rule. 
The Gold Coast, renamed Ghana and led by Kwame Nkrumah, was the first former British colony to gain independence in 1957.
(pages 703–704)
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Section 1-7

16. The Transition to Independence (cont.)
In South Africa, where European settlers dominated the political system, the process of gaining independence was complicated. 
In 1912, local blacks had organized the African National Congress (ANC). 
By the 1950s, South African whites, known as Afrikaners, had strengthened the laws separating whites and blacks. 
This system of racial segregation was known as apartheid.
(pages 703–704)
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Section 1-8

17. The Transition to Independence (cont.)
Blacks demonstrated against apartheid laws in South Africa. 
In 1962, ANC leader Nelson Mandela was arrested. 
Members of the ANC called for armed resistance to the white government.
(pages 703–704)
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Section 1-10

18. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Transition to Independence (cont.)
How did blacks in South Africa react to apartheid?
Blacks demonstrated against apartheid laws in South Africa. In 1962 ANC leader Nelson Mandela was arrested. Members of the ANC called for armed resistance to the white government.
(pages 703–704)
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Section 1-11

19. The New Nations
Most leaders of the newly independent African nations came from the urban middle class, were educated in the United States or Europe, and believed in using the Western democratic model in Africa.
(pages 705–707)
Section 1-12

20. The New Nations (cont.)
The economic ideas of the African leaders were diverse. 
Some leaders, such as Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, believed in Western-style capitalism. 
Other leaders, such as Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, believed in an “African form of socialism.” 
This was based on African traditions of community in which ownership of the country’s wealth would be put into the hands of the people.
(pages 705–707)
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Section 1-13

21. The New Nations (cont.)
Some African leaders believed in Pan-Africanism–the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries. 
The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was a result of Pan-Africanism. 
This organization helped African unity by settling border disputes.
(pages 705–707)
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Section 1-14

22. The New Nations (cont.)
After independence, most African nations still relied on a single crop or natural resource for export. 
Liberia depended on the export of rubber, Nigeria on oil. 
When prices dropped, their economies suffered. 
African states had to import technology and manufactured goods from the West.
(pages 705–707)
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Section 1-15

23. The New Nations (cont.)
Corruption and bribery became common in African nations. 
Population growth crippled efforts to create modern economies. 
Drought conditions led to widespread starvation. 
The spread of acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Africa has reached epidemic proportions. Over 29 million people in sub-Saharan Africa have AIDS.
Poverty is widespread in Africa.
(pages 705–707)
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Section 1-16

24. The New Nations (cont.)
Between 1957 and 1982, over 70 African leaders were overthrown by violence. 
In 1984, most major African states were under single-party regimes or were ruled by the military. 
Since the boundaries of African nations had generally been arbitrarily drawn by colonial powers, many African nations had warring ethnic groups. 
Most states included widely different ethnic, linguistic, and territorial groups.
(pages 705–707)
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Section 1-17

25. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The New Nations (cont.)
What problems caused widespread poverty in African nations?
Most African nations relied on a single crop or natural resource for export. When prices dropped, their economies suffered. African states had to import technology and manufactured goods from the West. Corruption and bribery became common in African nations. Population growth crippled efforts to create modern economies. Drought conditions led to widespread starvation. The spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Africa has reached epidemic proportions.
(pages 705–707)
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Section 1-19

26. New Hopes
In recent years, popular demonstrations have led to the collapse of one-party regimes and the emergence of democracies in several African countries. 
In some cases, however, the fall of the regime has been followed by bloody civil war.
(pages 707–708)
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Section 1-20

27. New Hopes (cont.)
Nelson Mandela had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1962 for his activities with the ANC. 
In 1985 he was offered a conditional freedom. Mandela refused. 
Nobel Peace prize winner Bishop Desmond Tutu and others worked to free Mandela and end apartheid. 
In 1990 Mandela was released from prison. 
In 1994 Mandela became South Africa’s first black president.
(pages 707–708)
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Section 1-21

28. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
New Hopes (cont.)
What caused apartheid to end in South Africa?
Nobel Peace prize winner Bishop Desmond Tutu and others worked to free Mandela and end apartheid. Worldwide pressure on the white South African government led to reforms and the gradual dismantling of apartheid laws.
(pages 707–708)
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Section 1-22

29. Society and Culture in Modern Africa
Most African cities today, influenced by earlier colonial rule, look like cities elsewhere in the world. 
Most Africans live in rural areas much as their ancestors did, in thatched dwellings without modern plumbing and electricity. 
They farm or hunt by traditional methods, wear traditional clothing, and practice traditional beliefs.
(pages 708–709)
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Section 1-23

30. Society and Culture in Modern Africa (cont.)
Although most African women are allowed to vote and run for political office, few hold political offices. 
They have fewer career opportunities than African men have.
(pages 708–709)
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Section 1-24

31. Society and Culture in Modern Africa (cont.)
Many contemporary African artists face the dilemma of finding a balance between Western techniques and training and the rich heritage of traditional African art forms. 
Many writers such as Chinua Achebe use this dilemma as the theme of their works.
(pages 708–709)
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Section 1-25

32. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Society and Culture in Modern Africa (cont.)
What dilemmas face society and culture in modern Africa?
There is a constant tension between traditional ways and Western culture. People who live in cities often follow Western ways. People who live in rural areas follow traditional African ways. Many contemporary African artists face the dilemma of finding a balance between Western techniques and training and the rich heritage of traditional African art forms.
(pages 708–709)
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Section 1-26

33. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
__ 2. the system of racial segregation in South Africa from the 1950s until 1991 B A
A. apartheid
B. Pan-Africanism
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Section 1-27

34. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Explain how population growth has crippled the efforts of African nations to create stable, modern economies. Identify at least two other recent obstacles to an improved economy.
There is not enough food to support the population growth. Drought and AIDS are two obstacles to improving the economy in African nations.
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Section 1-28

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Checking for Understanding
Describe the relationship between the Hutu and the Tutsi. Identify other nations in the news today with ethnic or religious conflict.
The Hutu and the Tutsi have had tribal and ethnic conflicts that led to bloodshed.
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Section 1-29

36. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Explain Why was the idea of Pan-Africanism never realized?
It was never realized because there is too much ethnic, cultural, political, and economic diversity.
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Section 1-30

37. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Examine the photograph of Kwame Nkrumah shown on page 701 of your textbook. How does this photograph reflect the pride that Kwame Nkrumah and his companions feel about Ghana’s newly won independence? Use specific visual evidence from the photograph to support your answer.
The joyful expressions on the men’s faces and their pride in wearing African clothing reflect the pride they feel about Ghana’s newly won independence.
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Section 1-31

38. Close
Write one paragraph in which you describe the main differences between pre-World War II Africa and Africa today.
Section 1-32

39. End of Section 1

40. Conflict in the Middle East
Main Ideas
Instability in various parts of the Middle East has led to armed conflict and mediation attempts from countries outside the region. 
In many Middle Eastern countries, an Islamic revival has influenced political and social life. 
Key Terms
Pan-Arabism 
intifada
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Section 2-1

41. Conflict in the Middle East
People to Identify
Gamal Abdel Nasser 
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 
Saddam Hussein 
Naguib Mahfouz 
Anwar el-Sadat 
Yasir Arafat 
Places to Locate
Israel 
Iran 
Iraq 
Kuwait 
Persian Gulf
Egypt 
Sinai Peninsula 
West Bank 
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Section 2-2

42. Conflict in the Middle East
Preview Questions
How was the state of Israel created? 
How did the Islamic revival affect Middle Eastern Society?
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Section 2-3

43. Conflict in the Middle East
Preview of Events
Section 2-4

44. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Section 2-5

45. The intifada was a campaign of civil disobedience by Palestinians living in Israel. This civil disobedience caused world opinion to put pressure on Israel to meet with Palestinians to try to find a peaceful solution to the conflicts there.
Section 2-6

46. The Question of Palestine
After World War II, new independent states emerged in the Middle East. 
The states were mostly Muslim. 
Between the two world wars, many Jews had immigrated to Palestine, believing this area to be their promised land. 
Tensions between Jews and Arabs intensified in the 1930s. 
Great Britain, under a UN mandate to govern Palestine, rejected proposals for an independent Jewish state in Palestine.
(pages 711–712)
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Section 2-7

47. The Question of Palestine (cont.)
The Zionists still wanted Palestine as a home for Jews. 
The Holocaust caused sympathy for the Jewish proposal for an independent Jewish state in Palestine. 
In 1948, the UN divided Palestine into two states–an Arab state and a Jewish state, Israel.
(pages 711–712)
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Section 2-9

48. The Question of Palestine (cont.)
Several Arab countries invaded Israel, but the invasion failed. 
Arabs, however, refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist. 
The issue of a homeland and self-governance for the Palestinians remains a problem today.
(pages 711–712)
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Section 2-10

49. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Question of Palestine (cont.)
Why is there tension between the Arabs and Jews in the Middle East?
In 1948, the UN divided Palestine into two states–an Arab state and a Jewish state, Israel. Several Arab countries invaded Israel, but the invasion failed. Arabs, however, refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist. The issue of a homeland and self-governance for the Palestinians remains a problem today.
(pages 711–712)
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Section 2-11

50. Nasser and Pan-Arabism
In the early 1950s, Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser took control of Egypt’s government. 
In 1956, Nasser seized the Suez Canal Company, which had been under British and French administration. 
Great Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt, starting the Suez War of 
The United States and the Soviet Union supported Egypt, forcing Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw.
(pages 712–713)
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Section 2-12

51. Nasser and Pan-Arabism (cont.)
Nasser promoted Pan-Arabism, or Arab unity. 
But many other leaders were suspicious of Pan-Arabism. 
They did not want to share oil revenues with poorer states in the Middle East.
(pages 712–713)
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Section 2-13

52. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Nasser and Pan-Arabism (cont.)
Why did Nasser’s idea of Pan-Arabism fail?
Many other leaders were suspicious of Pan-Arabism. They did not want to share oil revenues with poorer states in the Middle East.
(pages 712–713)
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Section 2-14

53. The Arab-Israeli Dispute
During the 1950s and 1960s, the disputes between Israel and other states in the Middle East became more heated. 
In 1967, Nasser blockaded Israeli shipping through the Gulf of Aqaba. 
This led to the Six-Day War, in which Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula and tripled the size of its territory, controlling land in the West Bank, Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. 
Arab states demanded that Israel return the occupied territories.
(pages 713–714)
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Section 2-15

54. The Arab-Israeli Dispute (cont.)
Anwar el-Sadat succeeded Nasser in 
In 1973, Sadat led Arab forces against Israel. 
A UN negotiated cease-fire agreement ended the attack in 1974.
(pages 713–714)
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Section 2-16

55. The Arab-Israeli Dispute (cont.)
In 1960, many Arab oil-producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to gain control over oil prices. 
In 1973, oil price hikes led to oil shortages and serious economic problems in the United States and Europe.
(pages 713–714)
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Section 2-17

56. The Arab-Israeli Dispute (cont.)
In 1979, Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords–an agreement ending the state of war between Egypt and Israel. 
Many Arab countries continued to refuse to recognize Israel, however.
(pages 713–714)
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Section 2-18

57. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Arab-Israeli Dispute (cont.)
Why did Anwar el-Sadat lead Arab forces against Israel in 1973?
Arab states demanded the return of the occupied territories that Israel had gained in the Six-Day War.
(pages 713–714)
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Section 2-19

58. The PLO and the Intifada
In 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed to represent the interests of the Palestinians. 
At the same time, al-Fatah, headed by PLO leader Yasir Arafat, launched terrorist attacks on Israeli territory.
(page 714)
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Section 2-20

59. The PLO and the Intifada (cont.)
During the 1980s, Palestinian Arabs began a movement called the intifada, or uprising. 
In 1993, Israel and the PLO reached an agreement calling for Palestinian autonomy in certain areas of Israel. 
In return, the PLO recognized Israel.
(page 714)
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Section 2-21

60. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The PLO and the Intifada (cont.)
What was the purpose of forming the PLO?
The PLO was formed to represent the interests of the Palestinians.
(page 714)
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Section 2-22

61. Revolution in Iran
Iran and its leader, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, became rich after World War II from oil revenues. 
Iran was the chief ally of the United States in the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s. 
Many devout Muslims, led by a member of the Muslim clergy, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, opposed the shah.
(pages 714–715)
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Section 2-23

62. Revolution in Iran (cont.)
In 1979, the shah’s regime collapsed and was replaced by an Islamic republic, which restored traditional Islamic law. 
Militants in Iran took 52 Americans in the U.S. embassy in Tehran hostage for over a year. 
In 1989, a new, more moderate government began to loosen Muslim control over freedoms in Iran.
(pages 714–715)
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Section 2-24

63. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Revolution in Iran (cont.)
Why did devout Muslims oppose the shah of Iran?
The devout Muslims looked with distaste at the new Iranian civilization, which they believed was based on greed and materialism.
(pages 714–715)
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Section 2-26

64. Iraq’s Aggression
Iraq and Iran have long had an uneasy relationship fueled by religious differences and territorial disputes. 
In 1980, Iraq’s President Saddam Hussein launched an eight-year war against Iran. 
A cease-fire was arranged in 1988.
(page 715)
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Section 2-27

65. Iraq’s Aggression (cont.)
In 1990, Hussein’s troops invaded the country of Kuwait, at the head of the Persian Gulf. 
This caused U.S. president George Bush to create an international force that freed Kuwait and destroyed much of the Iraqi armed forces.
In 2003, the United States and allies launched an attack on Iraq over allegations that Iraq had stockpiled weapons of mass destruction.
(page 715)
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Section 2-28

66. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Iraq’s Aggression (cont.)
Why have Iran and Iraq had an uneasy relationship?
Their uneasy relationship is fueled by religious differences and territorial disputes.
(page 715)
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Section 2-29

67. Afghanistan and the Taliban
After World War II, the king of Afghanistan developed close ties with the Soviet Union in return for economic assistance. 
In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan at the request of its leaders, who were attempting to establish a Communist government.
(page 715)
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Section 2-30

68. Afghanistan and the Taliban (cont.)
The Soviets were forced to withdraw after 10 years. 
Various Islamic rebel groups began to fight for control. 
By 1998, one group, the Taliban, controlled most of the country. 
Known for their harsh social policies and suspected of supporting terrorist groups, the Taliban were driven from power in 2001 by rebel forces and American troops.
(page 715)
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Section 2-31

69. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Afghanistan and the Taliban (cont.)
Who are the Taliban?
The Taliban are an Islamic group known for their human rights abuses and strict social policies in Afghanistan. They were driven out of power in 2001.
(page 715)
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Section 2-32

70. Society and Culture
In recent years in the Middle East there has been a movement to apply strict religious teachings of Islam to all aspects of political and social life. 
This movement, called Islamic revivalism, began in Iran under the Ayatollah Khomeini. 
Islamic militants have the goal of removing all Western influence in Muslim countries.
(pages 715–716)
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Section 2-33

71. Society and Culture (cont.)
Early in the twentieth century, some Middle Eastern societies in urban areas allowed a greater role for women. 
In the 1970s there was a shift toward more traditional roles for women.
(pages 715–716)
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Section 2-34

72. Society and Culture (cont.)
Since 1945, the literature of the Middle East has included many new themes, including an emphasis on historical traditions and secular themes. 
Naguib Mahfouz was the first writer in Arabic to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 
The art of the modern Middle East has been strongly influenced by Western culture. 
However, national and traditional styles are also very popular.
(pages 715–716)
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Section 2-35

73. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Society and Culture (cont.)
What is the goal of Islamic militants?
Islamic militants have the goal of removing all Western influence in Muslim countries.
(pages 715–716)
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Section 2-37

74. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. Arab unity, regardless of national boundaries
__ 2. “uprising,” militant movement that arose during the 1980s among supporters of the Palestine Liberation Organization living in Israel A B
A. Pan-Arabism
B. intifada
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Section 2-38

75. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Explain the meaning and purpose of OPEC. What control does it have?
OPEC stands for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It controls oil prices.
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Section 2-39

76. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Summarize the events that led to the Six-Day War. What gains and losses resulted from the war?
The Six-Day War was brought about by increased tensions between Israel and its neighbors and Egypt blockading Israeli shipping. Israel attacked Egypt, seized the Sinai Peninsula, and occupied the West Bank and the Golan Heights, tripling its territory and gaining more Palestinians. Arab nations demanded the return of occupied lands.
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Section 2-40

77. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Explain Why do some people believe it was a mistake for the UN and the United States not to occupy Iraq after the Persian Gulf crisis? What did the Allies hope would happen in Iraq after the Iraqi forces were defeated?
Occupying Iraq might have been the only way to control Saddam Hussein and to protect the Persian Gulf. The Allies hoped there would be a revolt to overthrow Hussein.
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Section 2-41

78. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Examine the photograph of Kuwait shown on page 715 of your textbook. Why do you think the Iraqi troops decided to set fire to the oil fields as they retreated from Kuwait? Do you think that they set the fires for military, political, or economic reasons, or for all three?
Fires were created for military reasons as cover for retreating forces, which hindered the allied troops. Economic and political reasons for the fires were that they weakened Kuwait’s economic and political power and threatened countries dependent on Kuwait’s oil.
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Section 2-42

79. Close Review the issues and challenges faced by the Middle East.
Section 2-43

80. End of Section 2

81. Chapter Summary
In the postwar period, Africa and the Middle East faced many challenges that threatened their stability.
Chapter Summary 1

82. End of Chapter Summary

83. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Using Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.
1. The former South African policy of separating the races was called _______________.
2. The belief in Arab unity has been called _______________.
3. The uprising to protest Israeli domination of Palestine was called the _______________.
4. The Organization of African Unity was a result of the belief in _______________.
apartheid
Pan-Arabism
intifada
Pan-Africanism
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Chapter Assessment 1

84. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
Government What was the philosophy behind African socialism?
African socialism was about traditions of community, putting the ownership of the country’s wealth in the hands of the people.
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Chapter Assessment 2

85. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
Citizenship What did Nelson Mandela achieve in 1994?
In 1994 Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.
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Chapter Assessment 3

86. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
Culture How has the literature of the Middle East dealt with traditional versus modern values?
The literature in the Middle East has caused a rise in national awareness that has encouraged interest in historical traditions. The themes have become more secular. Literature is no longer for the elite, but is increasingly written for a broader audience.
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Chapter Assessment 4

87. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
History What effect did the Six-Day War have on the relationship between Arabs and Israelis?
Israel tripled in size. The war caused increased Arab animosity. One million more Palestinians were within new Israeli borders. The Arab states demanded the return of occupied lands, and conflicts continued.
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Chapter Assessment 5

88. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
Economy How did price increases and production cuts by OPEC nations in 1973 affect the United States and Europe?
The price increases and production cuts caused oil shortages and serious economic problems in the United States and Europe.
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Chapter Assessment 6

89. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Evaluating Why have English and French been used as official languages of government in many African nations?
Many African nations were once French or British colonies. The governments and economies were developed using these languages. They unify different ethnic and linguistic groups within African nations.
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Chapter Assessment 7

90. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Evaluating Compare the legacy of European colonialism in Africa and the Middle East. Discuss the consequences of colonialism still being felt in these areas.
National borders drawn by colonial powers remain roughly the same. Colonialism led to weak national identities but strong regional identities. Arabs share the same language and religion. Africans are divided by many ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups in nations created by Europeans. Many African cities were founded by colonial powers. Nationalist leaders were educated in Europe and the United States. Colonialism left both regions without a history of democratic government or industrial infrastructure, making it difficult to find economic success.
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Chapter Assessment 8

91. Analyzing Maps and Charts
Study the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.
Chapter Assessment 9

92. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps and Charts
What do you think Iraq hoped to gain by invading the country of Kuwait?
Iraq hoped to gain improved access to the Persian Gulf.
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Chapter Assessment 10

93. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps and Charts
How far is Tehran from Baghdad?
Tehran is about 500 miles (804.5 km) from Baghdad.
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Chapter Assessment 11

94. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps and Charts
How important is access to the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz for oil-producing countries?
This access is very important so that they can access the Suez Canal.
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Chapter Assessment 12

95. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Use the time line and your knowledge of world history to answer the following question.
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Chapter Assessment 13

96. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Standardized Test Practice
Which of the following events resulted from the events on this time line?
F Shock over the Holocaust helped Jews realize their goals for a homeland.
G Nasser imposed a blockade against Israeli shipping.
H Iraq launched an attack on its enemy, Iran.
J The Balfour Declaration gave support to Zionist Jews.
Test-Taking Tip Time lines show chronology, or the order in which events happened. You can use your knowledge of chronology to get rid of incorrect answer choices. Think about what events happened before this time line begins. Those answer choices must be wrong.
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Chapter Assessment 14

97. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What role did the end of the Cold War play in the formation of the coalition that opposed Iraq in the Persian Gulf War?
If the Cold War had not ended, the Soviet Union might have backed Iraq against the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait.
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Chapter Assessment 15

98. End of Chapter Assessment

99. World History: Modern Times Online
Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World History: Modern Times Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
World History: Modern Times Online

100. Oratory Select one of the following names: Steven Biko, Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mandela, P. W. Botha, or F. W. de Klerk. Research the life and influence of the person you select. Prepare a speech, as if you were that person, summarizing that individual’s contribution to or impact on South African history.
CC 1

101. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Journalism
Art and Environment
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CC Contents 2

102. Journalism Write two editorials that might have appeared in newspapers in Have one editorial support the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine and the other one oppose the idea. Make sure you offer logical arguments based on fact.
CC 2-1

103. Art and Environment The Aswan High Dam was dedicated in 1971
Art and Environment The Aswan High Dam was dedicated in It has helped control flooding and generates electricity; however, it is not without controversy. The huge artificial lake created by the dam covered archaeological sites that had not yet been investigated. Some ancient monuments were relocated, but not all. Ninety thousand people, most of whom lived in the Sudan, had to be relocated. Silt, that would have normally been carried down the Nile, builds up behind the dam. This has caused erosion to the Egyptian coastline. Select either the Art or Environment connection for further research, then prepare a position paper answering the question: Was the Aswan Dam a good idea?
CC 2-2

104. Jerusalem In 1950, Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital
Jerusalem In 1950, Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital. Jerusalem is considered a sacred site by Jews, Muslims, and Christians. The city was captured in about 1000 B.C. by King David. Many of the Christian monuments in Jerusalem date from the 4th century A.D. In the late 600s the Muslim caliph Abd al-Malik built the Dome of the Rock. Jerusalem has been occupied by Jews, Romans, Muslims, Crusaders, Turks, Ottomans, Egyptians, and the British.
WWWW 2

105. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Independence
Ecology
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WWWW 1 contents

106. Independence After independence, many African nations took names from African history. For example, the Gold Coast and the French Sudan were renamed Ghana and Mali after ancient African kingdoms. Southern Rhodesia, named for Cecil Rhodes, chose Zimbabwe, for the great Bantu cultural center.
WWWW 1a

107. Ecology The centuries of white settlement in South Africa have affected the region’s ecology and worsened its droughts. The native thorn trees and baobabs resist drought, as do traditional crops such as sorghum and tubers. The European settlers, however, planted crops that required more water and put in lawns and swimming pools. They also imported pine and eucalyptus trees that use great amounts of water.
WWWW 1b

108. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
African Soldiers in World War II
Public Pressure on South Africa
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TP 1 contents

109. African soldiers fought with the Allies in World War II
African soldiers fought with the Allies in World War II. They were inspired by the ideals for which they fought: self-rule and freedom from tyranny. Theo Ayoola, a Nigerian who fought with the British, said, “[We] overseas soldiers are coming back home with new ideas. We have been told what we fought for. That is freedom! We want freedom, nothing but freedom!” Discuss how postwar ideas contributed to African nationalism.
TP 1a

110. International public pressure was brought to bear on South Africa in the 1980s. Research the forms that pressure took. Include public condemnation of apartheid from individual nations and the United Nations, barring of South African athletes from the Olympics, a UN arms embargo, divestment policies, and limitations on trade and investment. Decide which forms of public pressure were the most effective and which, if any, were unfair. Present your conclusions in a brief position paper.
TP 1b

111. Interpreting Statistics
Why Learn This Skill?
A news report comes out that statistical evidence from a recent scientific study proves that chocolate can prevent cancer. The next day, a doctor is interviewed saying that the statistics are misleading. What are you to believe? 
Statistics are used to support a claim or an opinion. They can be used to support opposing sides of an issue. To avoid being misled, it is important to understand how to interpret statistics.
This feature can be found on page 710 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Skill Builder 1

112. Interpreting Statistics
Learning the Skill
Statistics are sets of tabulated information that may be gathered through surveys and other sources. When studying statistics, consider each of the following: 
Biased sample The sample may affect the results. A sample that does not represent the entire population is called a biased sample. An unbiased sample is called a representative sample.
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Skill Builder 2

113. Interpreting Statistics
Learning the Skill (cont.)
Statistics are sets of tabulated information that may be gathered through surveys and other sources. When studying statistics, consider each of the following:
Correlation Two sets of data may be related or unrelated. If they are related, we say that there is a correlation between them. For example, there is a positive correlation between academic achievement and wages. There is a negative correlation, however, between smoking and life expectancy.
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Skill Builder 3

114. Interpreting Statistics
Learning the Skill (cont.)
Statistics are sets of tabulated information that may be gathered through surveys and other sources. When studying statistics, consider each of the following:
Statistical Significance Researchers determine whether the data support a generalization or whether the results are due to chance. If the probability that the results were due to chance is less than 5 percent, researchers say that the result is statistically significant.
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Skill Builder 4

115. Interpreting Statistics
Practicing the Skill
The table on the right rates countries according to economic freedom, that is, the fewest restrictions on trade, property rights, and monetary policies. The scores are on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being the greatest economic freedom. Study the table. Then answer the questions that follow.
This feature can be found on page 710 of your textbook.
Skill Builder 5

116. Interpreting Statistics
Practicing the Skill
Which category or categories show a positive correlation with economic freedom?
Trade and Wages/Prices show a positive correlation with economic freedom.
This feature can be found on page 710 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Skill Builder 6

117. Interpreting Statistics
Practicing the Skill
Which category or categories show a negative correlation with economic freedom?
Government Intervention shows a negative correlation with economic freedom.
This feature can be found on page 710 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Skill Builder 7

118. Anti-American protesters in Iran
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Read Revolution in Iran on page 702 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides.
This feature can be found on page 702 of your textbook.
A Story That Matters 1

119. Who was the ruler of Iran in 1970?
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the ruler of Iran in 1970.
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A Story That Matters 2

120. What can you infer from this story about the relationship between the shah of Iran and the United States?
The United States supported the shah, and he came to the United States for medical treatment.
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A Story That Matters 3

121. Click the image on the right to listen to an excerpt from page 717 of your textbook. Read the information on page 717 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides.
This feature can be found on page 717 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Eyewitness 1

122. What problem was President Nasser addressing?
President Nasser addressed the fact that Egypt was being taken advantage of by the people who managed the Suez Canal. The Egyptian government was not getting a fair share of the profits.
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Eyewitness 2

123. According to Nasser, why does the Suez Canal rightfully belong to Egypt?
Egypt was entitled to the Suez Canal, according to Nasser, because the canal was expropriated from Egypt by the British, who were keeping most of the profits and paying only a small share to Egypt. In addition, 120,000 Egyptians lost their lives building the canal; it was a matter of national dignity and pride to control the canal that was bought with the sacrifices of the Egyptian people.
This feature can be found on page 717 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Eyewitness 3

124. Apartheid Objectives After viewing “Apartheid,” you should: 
Be able to describe the conditions under which black South Africans had to live during apartheid. 
Recognize that apartheid was an offense not only against black South Africans but against humanity. 
Realize that today black and white South Africans are building a multicultural, democratic nation.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The World History–Modern Times video.
Video 1

125. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Apartheid
In what ways did apartheid laws oppress black South Africans?
Blacks had to carry IDs and were forced to live in shantytowns; public facilities and schools were segregated; and employment opportunities were restricted, among other injustices.
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Video 2

126. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Apartheid
What happened to whites who tried to socialize with blacks as friends and equals?
They were questioned and harassed by authorities.
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Video 3

127. Maps and Charts 1

128. Maps and Charts 2

129. Maps and Charts 2-1

130. Chapter Transparency

131. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1
celebrating its newly granted freedom
scornful
The former colonial powers are quick to judge Africa without considering the experiences and point of view of Africans.
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1

132. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2
The United Nations established it.
Support for the Jewish cause grew when people learned of the Holocaust.
Many became refugees.
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2

133. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove
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134. End of Slide Show