1. The Making of Industrial Society
Chapter 29
The Making of Industrial Society

2. Overview: The Industrial Revolution
Energy: coal and steam
Organization: factories
Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturing increases
Transportation: trains, automobiles

3. Overview: Unexpected Costs of the Industrial Revolution
Pollution
human domination over natural resources
Unforeseen toxins, occupational hazards
Social ills
Landless proletariat
Migrating work forces

4. British Advantages Natural resources Ease of transportation Market
Coal, iron ore
Ease of transportation
Size of country
River and canal system
Market
Imperial Countries

5. Cotton-producing Technology
Flying shuttle doubled weaving output
Spinning jenny
Power loom

6. The Growth of Factories
Massive machinery
Supply of labor
Transport of raw materials, finished product to markets
Urbanization

7. New Sources of Power Steam Engine
James Watt ( )
Coal fired
1760: 2.5 million pounds of cotton imported
1787: 22 million
1840: 360 million

8. James Watt and his steam engine

9. The Clermont on the Hudson River

10. The Fulton

11. Implications: Slave Labor
Cheap cotton from American south
Benefit of transatlantic slave trade
Irony: early British abolitionism, yet profit motive retained

12. Iron Industry Henry Cort devises method of refining iron ore (1780s)
First major advance since middle ages
1852 produces more high-quality iron than rest of world combined

13. Henry Bessemer and the Bessemer Furnace, which could efficiently change molten iron into steel by forcing air through the iron to burn away carbon and other impurities.

14. Rail Transport 1804 first steam-powered locomotive
Capacity: Ten tons mph
The Rocket from Liverpool to Manchester (1830), 16 mph

15. An Iron Forge by Joseph Wright, 1772

17. Poor working conditions
Six days a week, fourteen hours a day
Immediate supervision, punishments
“Luddite” Protest against machines
Traingle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

18. Spread of Industrialization
Development of technical schools for engineers, architects, etc.
Government support for large public works projects (canals, rail system)
Germany - Bismarck

19. Industrial Europe ca. 1850

20. Mass Production Eli Whitney (U.S., 1765-1825)
Cotton Gin
“the American system”
Henry Ford, 1913, develops assembly line approach
Complete automobile chassis every 93 minutes
Previously: 728 minutes

21. Eli Whitney is credited with creating the cotton gin, a mechanical device which removes the seeds from cotton, a process which until that time had been extremely labor-intensive.

22. Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree
American Charles Goodyear discovered how to make rubber less sticky. His vulcanization process is the basis of the modern rubber industry.

23. Industrialization in the United States
Population 5 million
No city larger than 100,000
6/7 Americans farmers
1860 US
Population 30 million
Nine cities 100K +
½ Americans farmers

24. Henry Ford

25. The Industrial Middle Class
New class, evolved from merchants in cities
“bourgeoisie”
Capitalists
Begin to eclipse power and status of agrarian classes

26. Big Business Large factories require start-up capital
Corporations formed to share risk, maximize profits
Stockholders
Dividends

27. Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels
Large corporations form blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high
John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil in U.S.
German IG Farben controls 90% of chemical production
Governments often slow to control monopolies

28. The Fruits of Industrialization
Technological innovation
Cheap manufactured goods
Travel and transportation

29. Samuel Morse

30. Varieties of the telegraph

31. Population Growth (millions)

32. Contraception
Thomas Malthus ( ) predicts overpopulation crisis, advocates “moral restraint”
Condoms invented in England
Made from animal intestines in 17th century, latex in 19th century

33. The Demographic Transition
Fertility and mortality
Costs of living increase
Urbanization proceeds dramatically
1800: 20% of Brits in towns of 10,000+
1900: 75% in cities

34. Development of Slums London: 1 million in 1800, 2.4 million in 1850
Wealthy classes move out to suburbs
Industrial slum areas develop in city centers
Open gutters as sewage systems
Danger of Cholera
First sewage systems,1848

35. Transcontinental Migrations
19th-early 20th centuries, rapid population growth drives Europeans to Americas
50 million cross Atlantic
Brits to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon Tsarist persecution

36. New Social Classes New urban classes of professionals
Blue-collar factory workers
Urban environment also creates new types of diversions
Sporting events, Museums, Zoo

37. Child Labor Easily exploited Advantages of size
Low wages: 1/6 to 1/3 of adult male wages
High discipline
Advantages of size
Coal tunnels
Gathering loose cotton under machinery
Factory Act of 1833: 9 years minimum working age

38. Young, Industrial Revolution workers

40. Two girls wearing banners with slogan "ABOLISH CHILD SLAVERY
Two girls wearing banners with slogan "ABOLISH CHILD SLAVERY!!" in English and Yiddish, May 1, 1909 labor parade in New York City

41. The Socialist Challenge
Socialism first used in context of Utopian Socialists - Robert Owen ( )
Opposed competition of market system
Attempted to create small model communities
Inspirational for larger social units

42. Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
Two major classes:
Capitalists, who control means of production
Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor
Exploitative nature of capitalist system
Religion – “Opiate of the masses”
worldwide revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie

43. “Workers of the world, unite!”
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who together published The Communist Manifesto

44. Communism
The hammer and sickle is a symbol used to represent communism and communist political parties. The two tools are symbols of the peasantry and the industrial proletariat; placing them together symbolizes the unity between agricultural and industrial workers.

45. Social Darwinism
Members of each species had to compete to survive, leading to an improved society.
Applying Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” to society

46. Social Reform and Trade Unions
Socialism had major impact on 19th century reformers
Trade unions form for collective bargaining
Strikes to address workers’ concerns

47. Industrialization in Russia and Japan
Russia constructs huge railway network, minister Count Sergei Witte
Japanese government - Meiji Restoration
Opens universities, specializing in science and technology

48. Global ramifications Uneven economic development
Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and south-east Asia