1. II. Central and East Africa
A. Democratic Republic of the Congo
1. The DRC is a large country with many different landscapes, including rugged mountains and broad savannas.
a) Large rainforest stretches across its center.
b) The rainforest is being destroyed rapidly by deforestation and farming.
2. The DRC is a major source of tin, copper, and industrial diamonds.
a) One difficulty the country has is transportation and its minerals are found in the interior.
b) Lack of roads and thick rain forests hinder transportation of raw materials.
c) For many years, civil war had slowed efforts to develop the DRC’s economy.
3. The DRC has more than 200 different ethnic groups.

2. II. Central and East Africa
a) French is the official language.
b) Most people live in rural areas, the capital Kinshasa, has more than 6 million people.
B. Other Countries
1. Other Central African countries have moved toward economic growth.
a) Gabon = oil, manganese, uranium, and timber.
b) Cameroon = cacao, and coffee for export.
c) Congo and Central African Republic (CAR) both remain poor due to weak governments.
2. Equatorial Guinea, like Gabon, benefits from oil resources.
a) São Tomé and Principe relies on cacao and coconut exports.

3. II. Central and East Africa
b) Recently, it has shifted to oil production.
C. Tanzania
1. Tanzania, on the southern edge of East Africa, is the largest of the southern East African countries.
a) Many different ethnic groups and most speak Swahili.
b) Friendly relations among ethnic groups have kept Tanzania prosperous.
2. Most Tanzanians work in farming or herding.
a) Important export crops include coffee and sisal, a plant fiber used to make rope and twine.
b) The island of Zanzibar produces cloves, a spice used to flavor baked ham.
3. Tourism is a fast-growing industry in Tanzania.

4. II. Central and East Africa
a) National parks help to protect the habitats of the country’s wildlife.
b) A habitat is the type of environment in which a particular animal species lives.
c) Seregheti National Park is home to lions, zebras, wildebeests, and other wildlife.
d) The park attracts many ecotourists.
D. Kenya
1. North of Tanzania is Kenya, a country almost the size of Nevada.
a) Most people live in the central highlands.

5. II. Central and East Africa
b) Nairobi, the country’s capital and largest city in East Africa, is located there.
c) Mombasa, on the Indian Ocean, is a large and busy seaport.
2. Kenya has a developing free market economy that has enjoyed prosperity.
a) Nairobi serves as a major business center for all of East Africa.
b) Most Kenyans are farmers who raise corn, bananas, sweet potatoes, and cassava, a plant whose roots are ground to make porridge.
c) Some larger farms produce coffee and tea for export.
d) Ecotourism is also important in Kenya.
3. Kenya has many different ethnic groups.

6. II. Central and East Africa
a) The Kikuyu people are Kenya’s main group making up ¼ of the population.
b) Many people have moved to the cities in search of a better life.
4. Since achieving independence from Britain in 1963, Kenya has enjoyed prosperity and a stable government.
a) In recent years, the election process has become more democratic.
E. Highland Countries

7. II. Central and East Africa
1. West of Tanzania and Kenya lie Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.
a) All three land locked countries are located in the highlands of East Africa.
b) Good farming for bananas, cassavas, potatoes, corn, and grains with some larger farms producing coffee and tea.
c) Rwanda and Burundi have the highest population by density south of the Sahara.
2. Since its independence, the highland countries have experienced unrest and tragedy.
a) Through much of the 70s, Uganda was ruled by a cruel dictator, Idi Amin.

8. II. Central and East Africa
b) In recent years, Uganda has become more prosperous.
3. Rwanda and Burundi are made up of two ethnic groups – the Hutu and the Tutsi.
a) About 80% of the people in both countries are Hutu, but the Tutsi ran the governments and economies for years.
b) A power struggle erupted into civil war and genocide in the 1990s.
c) Genocide is the deliberate murder of a group of people because of their race or culture.
d) A Hutu led government killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsis and 2 million more became refugees.

9. II. Central and East Africa
F. Sudan
1. Sudan is the largest country in Africa- about 1/3 the size of the continental United States.
a) Northern Sudan is covered by sand dunes of the Sahara.
b) The central area has grasslands and the Blue and White Nile flowing through it.
c) Khartoum, the capital, lies in the central area.
d) The south gets plenty of rainfall and has good land for farming.
2. Sudan was the ancient center of the powerful Kush civilization.
a) During the AD 500s, missionaries brought Christianity to the Sudan.

10. II. Central and East Africa
b) About 900 years later, Muslim Arabs entered northern Sudan and converted the people to Islam.
c) From the late 1800s to the 1950s, the British and the Egyptians together ruled the country.
d) Sudan became an independent nation in 1956 and was ruled by military leaders.
3. Today, Sudan is divided by deep ethnic differences.
a) North = Arab Muslims
b) South = Christians or other traditional African religions.
c)  2004 the Sudanese fought a bitter civil war where 1.5 million Sudanese died.
d) There was another conflict in the Darfur region which killed another 200,000.
G. Ethiopia and Eritria
1. Landlocked Ethiopia is almost twice the size of Texas.

11. II. Central and East Africa
a) Hot lowlands and cool highlands and rugged mountains.
b) Grains, sugarcane, potatoes, and coffee.
2. Rainfall amounts vary in Ethiopia.
a) Droughts have led to famines including a famine in the 1980s that caught worldwide attention.
3. About 85% of Ethiopians live in rural areas.
a) The capital, Addis Ababa, is one of the largest cities in East Africa.
b) Christianity, Islam, other traditional religions.
c) 80 languages with Amharic being the official language.
4. Ethiopia is the oldest independent nation in Africa.
a) The ancient Christian kingdom, Axum, once ruled the area.

12. II. Central and East Africa
b) Ethiopia has resisted Islam and European attempts to control it.
c) The last monarch was overthrown in 1974 and was taken over by a military dictator.
d) Today, it is trying to build a democracy.
5. Warfare between Eritria and Ethiopia has hindered democracy.
a) Most people farm in Eritria, but it is an uncertain industry due to its dry climate.
H. Somalia
1. East of Ethiopia lies Somalia, which is located on the tip of the Horn of Africa.
a) Shaped like the number 7.

13. II. Central and East Africa
b) Climate is hot and dry.
c) Most of the population are nomadic herders.
d) In the south, rivers provide water for irrigation and farmers grow fruits and sugarcane.
2. Nearly all of Somalia are Muslims, but they are deeply divided.
a) The people belong to different clans.
b) In the 1980s, disputes among these clans led to civil war.
c) During the civil war a drought hit and several thousand people starved to death.
3. The United States and other countries tried to restore order and distribute food.

14. II. Central and East Africa
a) Fighting and war prevent aid from getting through.
b) Somalia truly does not have a functioning government.
I. Djibouti
1. Tiny Djibouti is the most stable country on the Horn of Africa.
a) Djibouti is strategically located at a narrow water passage that links the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
b) This passage links the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea.
2. Djibouti has an excellent harbor at its capital, the city of Djibouti.
a) A modern port has been built there and commerce is important to the economy.
3. Most of Djibouti’s people are Muslims.
a) In the past, the people were nomadic herders.
b) Djibouti is one of the hottest and driest on Earth, so farming and herding are difficult.