1. Applied Thermal Engineering
Unit 6
Applied Thermal Engineering

6. 3-D cut model of an Engine

7. Engine Model

8. 4-stroke S. I. Engine

9. 4-stroke Diesel Engine

10. 2-stroke S. I. Engine

11. 2-stroke Petrol Engine

12. 2-stroke Engine

13. Steam Turbines – Impulse and reaction
Steam turbines are the engines which converts fluid energy into mechanical energy.
Impulse turbine: - In the impulse turbine, the total head of the incoming fluid is converted in to a large velocity head at the exit of the supply nozzle. That is the entire available energy of the water is converted in to kinetic energy.

14. Impulse turbine

16. In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles.
This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor.
Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.
It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. 

17. Compressor
Single stage reciprocating air compressor.

18. Pump – Reciprocating and Centrifugal

19. Pump –Centrifugal

21. Refrigeration Vapor compression refrigeration process,
House hold refrigerator,
Window air conditioner (Working with block diagrams).

22. Vapor compression refrigeration process,

23. Window Air Conditioner

26. Power Plant Engineering:
Conventional and non-conventional energy resources
Hydro-electric,
Thermal,
Nuclear,
Wind,
Solar [with Block diagram].

27. Power Producing Devices
1. Boiler: Classification - Water tube and fire tube
A water tube boiler (also spelled water-tube and water tube) is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which heats water in the steam-generating tubes.
Ex. Wilcox Boiler, La-mont boiler, Benson boiler.

28. Example of Water-tube boiler:  Babcock & Wilcox boiler
Applications :
Chemical processing ,
Pulp and Paper manufacturing plants,
frequently used in power generation plants where large quantities of steam (ranging up to 500 kg/s) having high pressures i.e. approximately 160 bar and high temperatures reaching up to 550°C are generally required

29. A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases from a fire pass through one or more tubes running through a sealed container of water. The heat of the gases is transferred through the walls of the tubes by thermal conduction, heating the water and ultimately creating steam.
Types of fire-tube boiler
Lancashire boiler
 Scotch marine boiler
Cornish boiler
Locomotive boiler

31. Steam Boiler Efficiency
Definition of Boiler
Steam boiler or simply a boiler is basically a closed vessel into which water is heated until the water is converted into steam at required pressure. This is most basic definition of boiler.
Working Principle of Boiler
The basic working principle of boiler simple and easy to understand. The boiler is essentially a closed vessel inside which water is stored. Fuel (generally coal) is burnt in a furnace and hot gasses are produced. These hot gasses come in contact with water vessel where the heat of these hot gases transfer to the water and consequently steam is produced in the boiler. Then this steam is piped to the turbine of thermal power plant. There are many different types of boiler utilized for different purposes like running a production unit, sanitizing some area, sterilizing equipment, to warm up the surroundings etc.
Steam Boiler Efficiency
The percentage of total heat exported by outlet steam in the total heat supplied by the fuel(coal) is called Steam boiler efficiency.

32. Advantages of Fire Tube Boiler
1) It is quite compact in construction. 2) Fluctuation of steam demand can be met easily. 3) It is also quite cheap.
Disadvantages of Fire Tube Boiler
1) As the water required for operation of the boiler is quite large, it requires long time for rising steam at desired pressure. 2) As the water and steam are in same vessel then very high pressure of steam is not possible. 3) The steam received from fire tube boiler is not very dry.
Advantages of Water Tube Boiler
There are many advantages of water tube boiler due to which these types of boiler are essentially used in large thermal power plant.
Larger heating surface can be achieved by using more numbers of water tubes.
Due to convectional flow, movement of water is much faster than that of fire tube boiler, hence rate of heat transfer is high which results into higher efficiency.
Very high pressure in order of 140 kg/cm2 can be obtained smoothly.
Disadvantages of Water Tube Boiler
1) The main disadvantage of water tube boiler is that it is not compact in construction. 2) Its cost is not cheap. 3) Size is a difficulty for transportation and construction.