1. Omagamre E.W., Okuo, J.M., Oseji O.F and Ibhafidon, S.O
“Quantification and cancer risk evaluation of airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons within the University of Benin Bakery” a research by
Omagamre E.W., Okuo, J.M., Oseji O.F and Ibhafidon, S.O

2. Outline of Presentation
Introduction
Aim and Objectives of Research
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Relevance of Obtained results
Recommendation
Conclusion
References
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

3. Introduction
Studies on workplace activities and occupational exposure relationship with regards to air pollution have been carried out for a number of occupations (Brisman et al, 2000)
Performance of workers have been shown to be affected by indoor environmental quality (Wyon, 2004)
Among the indoor workspaces that have been evaluated are Bakeries (Mirmohammadi, 2013)
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

4. Fig. 1(b) Industrial Oven type Fig. 1(a) Traditional Oven type
Retrieved from
Fig. 1(a) Traditional Oven type
Retrieved from
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

5. Introduction contd.
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the pollutants associated with traditional oven bakeries (Mirmohammadi, 2013; Lee and Vu, 2010)
The University of Benin bakery uses a traditional baking oven
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

6. Aim of research
To evaluate the concentration of airborne PAHs and their corresponding cancer risk within the University of Benin bakery.
Objectives
Collection and evaluation of fine particulates and vapour aerosols within the bakery and a control indoor environment
Extraction and Quantification of PAH fractions in collected samples
Estimation of cancer risk in both indoor environments with respect to obtained PAHs
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

7. Methodology
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

8. Sampling Procedure
A Casella CEL 712 dust sampler was used to collect fine particulates over 6-8 hrs in both sampled locations
A sampling flow rate of 2L/min was maintained
A glass fiber filter collected the particulates
A polyurethane foam trapped the vapour phased PAHs
Fig. 2: Casella CEL 712 Sampler
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

9. Omagamre et al 2016
Extraction procedure
A Bandelin Sonorex sonicator was used to extract the exposed filters using a dichloromethane/acetone 1:1 ratio mix
Fig. 3: A Bandelin Sonorex 514 Sonicator
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

10. Analysis of Extract
Analysis of the extracts for the 16 USEPA priority PAHs were carried out using an HP Agilient 6890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with s Flame Ionization Detector
Fig. 4: HP Agilient 6890 Gas Chromatograph
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

11. Results and Discussion
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

12. Table 1: Fine particulates concentration (µg/m3 ) within both work environments
Days
Bakery
BMS* Office 1
411.00
159.00 2
116.00 3
342.00
156.00
Mean
874.68± 86.54
143.67± 24.01
* School of Basic Medical Sciences
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

13. Table 2: Obtained PAHs fractions and concentrations (ng/m3 )in the Bakery
Component
GFF1
Bakery
GFF2
GFF3
PUF1
PUF2
PUF3
Fluorene
BDL
185.19
Anthracene
16.27
Pyrene
205.76
227.77
176.28
144.03
81.35
192.31
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
82.31
86.77
408.65
432.10
59.65
520.83
Benzo(a)pyrene
190.33
721.15
Total
478.40
330.81
761.32
141.00
713.14
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

14. Table 3: Obtained PAHs fractions and concentrations (ng/m3 ) in the BMS office
Component
GFF1
BMS
GFF2
GFF3
PUF1
PUF2
PUF3
Anthracene
BDL
26.88
Benzo(a)anthracene
5.67
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
31.02
11.34
17.01
Benzo(a)pyrene
13.44
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
20.16
51.02
Indeno(1,2,3) perylene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Total
100.80
73.70
53.76
34.02
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

15. Fig. 5 : Mean concentrations of Total PAHs obtained at both locations
Omagamre et al 2016
Concentration in ng/m3
Fig. 5 : Mean concentrations of Total PAHs obtained at both locations
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

16. Fig. 6: Percentage Contribution of PAHs obtained in the Bakery with respect to their number of rings
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

17. Fig. 7: Mean concentrations of Benzo(a)Pyrene at both sampled locations
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

18. Cancer Risk Estimation
Carcinogenic risk = [PAH]i x TEF x URBaP = BaP eq x URBaP [PAH]I = Total PAH concentration for the individual PAHs TEF = Total Equivalence Factor for the individual PAHs URBaP = Inhalation cancer risk factor of BaP (1 x 10-6 (ng/m3)-1) (OEHHA California, 2005)
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

19. Table 4: Cancer risk estimation with respect to obtained PAHs fractions
PAH Component
TEF
BAKERY
BMS OFFICE
[PAH]i(ng/m3)
BaPeq(ng/m3)
Fluorene
0.001
30.864
Anthracene
2.712
4.4803
Benzo(a)anthracene
0.1
0.9448
Pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene 1
6.0193
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(1,2,3,c-d)pyrene
2.2402
Total BaP equivalence
9.4186
Carcinogenic risk
1.786 x 10-4
9.419 x 10--6

20. Table 5: Diagnostic ratios of obtained PAHs in the Bakery
Value Range Expected
Obtained Value
Possible source(s)
References
∑LMW/∑HMW
<1
0.06
Pyrogenic
Ravindra et al., 2008
∑COMB/∑PAHs ≈1
0.99
Diesel Combustion
∑COMB - FLA,PYR,BaA,CHR,BbK,BbF,BaP,IcdP and BghiP
∑PAHs – sum of total PAHs
∑LMW – sum of two and three-ring PAHs
∑HMW – sum of four and five-ring PAHs
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

21. Relevance of Obtained Data
Obtained results add data to support established evidence that traditional ovens (which is largely used in Benin City) are a significant source of fine particulates and PAHs
Cancer risk estimates with regards to inhalation have been derived for workers in the University of Benin Bakery in relation to academic office workers.
Diagnostic ratios results point to the likely sources of PAHs in the Bakery. Source identification is usually the first step towards environmental cleanup.
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

22. Recommendations
More ambient data relating the surveyed pollutants should be collected to evaluate for diurnal and seasonal trends as well as enhance source apportionment studies using appropriate models
Studies on the lung function of Bakery workers should be carried out to evaluate impacts of the fine particulates and the PAHs within the bakery
Personal exposure measurements should be carried out for workers within the bakery to determine how it compares with the results obtained from this ambient study
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

23. Conclusion
In this study, five of the sixteen USEPA priority PAHs were captured in the ambient air within the University of Benin Bakery
The total PAHs concentration ranged from to ng/m3 in the Bakery against a range of to ng/m3
The mean concentrations of Benzo(a)pyrene, the most studied of the PAHs family, were and 6.02 ng/m3 for the Bakery and the BMS office respectively [WHO acceptable 24 hr limit is ng/m3)
The Cancer risk estimate obtained for the Bakery environment (1.77 x 10-4) was about 18 times higher than that for the BMS office (9.42 x 10-6) [The WHO acceptable risk factor is 1 x 10-6]
Omagamre et al (UBARD)

24. References
Brisman, J., Jarvholm, B., Lillienberg, L. (2000): “Exposure-response relations for self-reported asthma and rhinitis in bakers”. Occupational and Environmental medicine 57,
Lee, B.K., and Vu, V.T. (2010): “Sources, Distribution and Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Particulate Matter”.Vanda Villanyi (Ed.), ISBN: , InTech, Availiable from: -polyaromatic- hydrocarbons-pahs-in-particulate-matter on May 15, 2016
Lee, B.K., and Vu, V.T. (2010): “Sources, Distribution and Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Particulate Matter”.Vanda Villanyi (Ed.), ISBN: , InTech, Availiable from: -polyaromatic- hydrocarbons-pahs-in-particulate-matter on June 1, 2016
Mirmohammadi, S. (2013). “Indoor air quality assessment with emphasis on flour dust: A cross sectional study of a random sample from Iranian Bakeries workers”. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 4(2):
OEHHA, (2005): “Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. Part II: Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors”. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available from:
Ravindra K, Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R. (2008): “Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors an regulation.” Atmospheric Environment retrieved from doi:10:1016/j.atmosenv on January 2, 2016
Wyon, D. P., (2004): “The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity”. Indoor Air 14,
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