1. STATES OF
MATTER

2. The Four States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

3. STATES OF MATTER Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles

4. Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

5. 1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms or molecules).
States of Matter
A. The Kinetic Theory
1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms or molecules).
2. They are in constant, random motion.
3. They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.

6. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS
Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.
Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.
Heat

7. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID
Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.
Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.
Heat

8. STATES OF MATTER GAS
Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.
Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
Heat

9. Particle Properties Phase Proximity Energy Volume Shape Solid close
B. Phase Properties
Particle Properties
Phase
Proximity
Energy
Volume
Shape
Solid
close
little
definite
definite
Liquid
close
moderate
indefinite
definite
Gas
far apart
a lot
indefinite
indefinite

10. Description of Phase Change
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Change
Term for Phase Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Solid to liquid
Melting
Heat goes into the solid as it melts.
Liquid to solid
Freezing
Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

11. Description of Phase Change
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Change
Term for Phase Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Liquid to gas
Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation
Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.
Gas to liquid
Condensation
Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.
Solid to gas
Sublimation
Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

12. We all know about: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

13. Will everything just be a gas?
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?

14. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID PLASMA SOLID GAS
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not move from place to place
Close together with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high speeds
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

15. PLASMA NO! The 4th state of matter:
If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA

16. Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames

17. 2. Lightning

18. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

19. 5. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

20. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

21. So now we know all about four states of matter:
PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)
LIQUIDS
GASES
SOLIDS
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

22. Will everything just be a frozen solid?
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything just be a frozen solid?

25. Not Necessarily!
In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein
Bose +

26. Ketterle and his students
Finally, in 1995,Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate

27. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know
Quantum Physics

28. The five states of matter:
PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
LIQUIDS
SOLIDS
GASES
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature