1. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Key concept: All cells need chemical energy SC.912.L18.10 Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) to energy transfer cells. REVIEW SC.912.L18.7 Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis. We will identify photosynthetic organisms as producers. I will explain the process of photosynthesis. Bell work: What is photosynthesis?

2. ATP and ADP Review

3. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

4. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule

5. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.
phosphate removed
YOU MUST KNOW THIS IMAGE!

6. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.
not stored in large amounts
up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
triphosphate
adenosine
diphosphate
tri=3
di=2

7. Fats store the most energy.
80 percent of the energy in your body
about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
amino acids not usually needed for energy
about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

8. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
similar to photosynthesis
uses chemical energy instead of light energy

9. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

10. What is another name for photosynthetic organisms?

11. Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
Producers make their own source of chemical energy.
Plants use photosynthesis and are producers.
Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

12. Chlorophyll is a molecule (pigment) that absorbs light energy.
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

13. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.
grana (thylakoids)
stroma
chloroplast
stroma
grana (thylakoids)

14. The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.
take place in thylakoids
water and sunlight are needed
chlorophyll absorbs energy
oxygen is released

15. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane
ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

16. The light-independent reactions make sugars.
take place in stroma
needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere
use energy (from the light dependent reactions) to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

17. The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

18. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

19. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.4
Respiration
Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.
Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
There are two layers of the mitochondria: an inner membrane and the fluid around the membrane (matrix)
mitochondrion
animal cell
More mitochondria=more energy production

20. Glycolysis must take place first.
anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
takes place in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
produces two ATP molecules

21. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain.
takes place in mitochondrial matrix
breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Krebs Cycle
makes a small amount of ATP
releases carbon dioxide
transfers energy-carrying molecules

22. energy from glycolysis
The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.
takes place in inner membrane
energy transferred to electron transport chain
oxygen enters process
ATP produced
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Electron Transport
water released as a waste product

23. 4
Respiration
The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

24. KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

25. Fermentation allows glycolysis (the break down of glucose) to continue.
Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration
does not produce ATP

26. Fermentation is used in food production.
yogurt
cheese
bread