1. Material on Midterm and Keystone Module A
Chapter 4
Cells and Energy
Material on Midterm and Keystone Module A

2. Eligible Content
BIO.A Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
BIO.A Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization.
BIO.A Describe the fundamental roles of chloroplasts and mitochondria in energy transformations.
BIO.A Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
BIO.A Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.

3. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
All cells need some kind of energy!
The energy usually turns low-energy reactants into high-energy products
Energy is needed!

4. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
All cells need some kind of energy!
Adenosine trip phosphate (ATP) is the “currency of the cell” for energy
triphosphate
adenosine
tri=3

5. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.
phosphate removed via HYDROLYSIS
Via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

6. ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
ATP can be thought of as a fully charged battery ready to do work
ADP can be thought of a battery that needs to be recharged

7. Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO. A. 3. 2
Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO.A Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.
Which comparison between ATP and ADP is correct?
A ATP stores less chemical energy than ADP and phosphate
B ATP stores more chemical energy than ADP and phosphate
C Less energy is used to form ATP than is released from ATP hydrolysis
D More energy is used to form ATP than is released from ATP hydrolysis

8. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Called chemical energy
This chemical energy can be converted into the chemical energy of ATP
Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.
36 ATP/1 molecule glucose
Fats store the most energy
146 ATP/molecule
Proteins are not usually broken down for energy

9. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
similar to photosynthesis
uses chemical energy instead of light energy

10. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

11. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O Requires oxygen and fuel (glucose)
Produces carbon dioxide and water, and ATP (energy)
Converts chemical energy from one form (sugar) to another (ATP)

12. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.
There are three stages
Glycolysis
Citric Acid cycle / Kreb’s
Electron transport chain
Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
mitochondrion
animal cell
ALL eukaryotes have mitochondria and carry out cellular respiration.

13. Glycolysis must take place first.
anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
takes place in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
Literally means “sugar splitting”
produces two NET ATP molecules
2 invested; 4 produced
pyruvic acid

14. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
The aerobic portions take place in the mitochondria
2 membranes
Outer: separates mitochondrion from rest of cell
Inner: folded over (folds are called cristae) to create high surface area
Reactions occur here
Matrix
Fluid inside

15. Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO. A. 1. 2
Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO.A Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization.
Explain how the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane aids in the function of the mitochondrion.

16. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
The Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain.
takes place in matrix
breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Krebs Cycle
makes a small amount of ATP
releases carbon dioxide
transfers energy-carrying molecules
Builds up H+ in matrix

17. energy from glycolysis
The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.
takes place in inner membrane
energy transferred to electron transport chain
oxygen enters process
ATP produced due to H+ flow and ATP synthase protein
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
water released as a waste product
Electron Transport

18. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
Each stage of aerobic respiration “wrings out” glucose to produce a little more ATP
Stage
Description
Number of ATP per glucose
1- Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down. 2
2- Citric Acid Cycle/ Kreb’s Cycle
Carbon compounds are converted over to CO2.
3- Electron Transport
ATP synthase produces ATP
32-34
Total
36-38

19. Cellular Respiration Review Chart
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle/Kreb’s Cycle
Electron transport chain
What goes in (reactant)?
What comes out (product)?
Where does it occur?

20. The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
The reactants in cellular respiration are the same as the products of photosynthesis.

21. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.
Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration
does not produce ATP

22. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria.
Pyruvic acid enters lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
NAD+ created goes back to glycolysis

23. The muscle “burn”
High intensity exercise demands more O2
When the body is low on O2, it will switch to lactic acid fermentation as a survival mechanism
When your body tries to deal with the lactic acid, your pH drops and causes the “burn”

24. Why do you get hot and sweaty?
When exercising, you are breaking bonds to release energy
During an energy transformation, some energy is ALWAYS lost to heat
When your body temperature increases too much, you sweat to maintain homeostasis.

25. Fermentation and its products are important in several ways.
Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation.
Pyruvate enters alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvic acid is split into alcohol and CO2
Created NAD+ goes back to glycolysis

26. Fermentation is used for food production
Alcoholic
Lactic acid

27. Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO. A. 3. 2
Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO.A Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.
Which types of respiration are useful in increasing the amount of gas bubbles most in a food product?
A Lactic acid fermentation
B Alcoholic fermentation
C Aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation
D Aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation

28. Respiration Flow Chart

29. Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
Producers make their own source of chemical energy.
We can also call them autotrophs
Photosynthesis transfers light (solar energy) into chemical energy

30. Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

31. light Photosynthesis can be influenced by Light intensity
The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O –—— C6H12O6 + 6O2
light
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma
(fluid outside the thylakoids)
Photosynthesis can be influenced by
Light intensity
Air temperature
CO2 levels
Water availability

32. How do materials get in the leaves?
Little openings on the underside of a leaf called stoma (stomata pl.)
Specialized guard cells open and close for gas exchange for photosynthesis to occur

33. Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO. A. 1. 2
Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO.A Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization.
When temperatures become too warm, leaves close their stomata to conserve water. How will high temperature most likely affect the rate of photosynthesis?

34. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.
Thylakoids
Membranes where chlorophyll is
Stack is called a granum
Stroma
Fluid surrounding grana
chloroplast
stroma
grana (thylakoids)

36. The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.
take place in thylakoids
water and sunlight are needed
chlorophyll absorbs energy
energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions
oxygen is released by splitting water
“photolysis”

37. The light-independent reactions make sugars.
Aka Calvin Cycle
take place in stroma
needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere
use energy from light-dependent reactions to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions
Uses Hydrogen atoms and electrons from water in first stage

38. Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO. A. 3. 2
Constructed response question Eligible Content: BIO.A Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Scientists supply plants with special water molecules containing a heavier-than-usual oxygen isotope, oxygen-18. Which of the products of photosynthesis would contain the isotope? Explain.

39. Photosynthesis Review Chart
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions
What goes in (reactant)?
Water (light energy)
Carbon dioxide
What comes out (product)?
Oxygen
Glucose
Where does it occur?
Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
Stroma of chloroplast
Where does it get its energy?
From light
From the light reactions

40. Photosynthesis Review Chart
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions
What goes in (reactant)?
Water (light energy)
Carbon dioxide
What comes out (product)?
Oxygen
Glucose
Where does it occur?
Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
Stroma of chloroplast
Where does it get its energy?
From light
From the light reactions

41. The equation for the overall process is:
The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

42. Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO. A. 3. 2
Multiple choice question Eligible Content: BIO.A Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Which of the following best explains the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A Both produce carbon dioxide and oxygen.
B Both require energy from sunlight to occur.
C The products of one are the reactants of the other.
D A plant can carry out either one process or the other, not both