1. “Age of the Gunpowder Dynasties” 1450 – 1650

2. Unit 7 Intro: Ottoman Empire
Read through “The Fall of Constantinople” on page 4 of your Unit 7 Study Guide. What about Istanbul’s location made it an important trading center? Grab a Chromebook and Orange Textbook and log into Schoology Click on "Unit 7 - Classwork #1" Read pages and answer questions #3, 4, & 5 on page 365. Complete Documents 7 & 8a-b on pages 6-7 in your Study Guide.

3. Do Now: 3/9/17
Read page 5 in your Study Guide and answer questions 1 and 2 in complete sentences.
Complete pages 6 & 7 (documents 7 & 8)
I will be coming around to check your homework!

4. Page Question 3
Evaluating: How did the Ottoman Turks establish power and expand their empire?
3. The Ottoman Turks were able to take new land with their elite Janissary who were trained as foot soldiers who served the Sultan. The Turks also had mastered the use of gunpowder making them a Gun Powder Empire with their more advanced weaponry. Due to the Ottomans victories they controlled other land like the Balkans and the Anatolian Peninsula. Then the began advancing west. At one point the Ottoman Empire was considered a threat to central Europe.

5. Question 4
Assessing: How was the Ottoman Empire ruled under the sultan?
4. The sultan, also known as the ruler of power, was the leader of the Ottoman Empire. The position was hereditary, meaning son always succeeded the father. The sultan had a grand vizier, or chief minister who carried the main burdens of the state who led the council meetings. There was also the pasha, who collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly responsible to the sultan's court.

6. Question 5
Summarizing: What were society and culture like in the Ottoman Empire?
During the Ottoman Empire society and culture increased the status of the Sultan. Society was comprised of Sunni Muslims and they were Turkic- speaking people. Muslims were educated because of the ulema. The ulema administrated the legal system. Islamic law and customs were applied to all Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. The empire usually tolerated non-Muslims because they made up a significant minority in the empire. Non-Muslims paid a tax and were allowed to practice their own religion and they were allowed to convert to Islam. People of the empire were divided depending on their occupation. The four main groups were: Peasants, Artisans, Merchants, and Pastoral Peoples (nomadic herders). Peasants were leased land by the state and that was the land they farmed on. Women in the Ottoman Empire were restricted to the same things as women in other Muslim societies.

7. Do Now:
1. Describing: Describe the link between faith and art in the tile work of the Topkapi Palace.
The depiction of human figures is forbidden in Islam. This is because the people believe it can encourage idolatry. Instead, they use geometric figures to decorate the painted tiles.
2. Theorizing: What was the symbolic importance of where the Topkapi Palace was located?
The Palace is located next to the Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara. This location is part of the essential trade route that connects the Aegean and Black Seas.

8. Documents 7-8 Document 7: Document 8:
One reason the Ottomans were interested in conquering Byzantine was the immense wealth that the city had. Gold, silver, and many gems were what many Christian relics were made of.
Document 8:
The Ottoman Empire and their Janissaries attempted to expand their empire through war.

10. Ottoman Empire “Absolute” ruler, efficient, unified Ottomans
1. Location
Hungary to Arabia (Old Byzantine Empire  Access to Mediterranean)
Capital: Istanbul = Constantinople
2. Time
*1453 – 1680s
3. Key Leaders & Religion
Suleiman “The Lawgiver” ( )
“Absolute” ruler, efficient, unified Ottomans
Sunni Muslims; Millets – Non-Muslim religious communities (tolerance)

11. Ottoman Empire 4 Classes of citizens: “Men of the Sword”
4. Social Structure
4 Classes of citizens:
“Men of the Sword”
“Men of the Pen”
“Men of Negotiation”
“Men of Husbandry”

12. Ottoman Empire
5. Contributions, Etc. …
Janissaries – Elite force in the Army “Best of the Best”; primarily Christians
Architecture (converted Hagia Sophia to mosque)
6. Decline
After Suleiman’s death, poor leadership
Corruption, constant wars, lack of trade
Reliance on agriculture (not manufacturing)

13. Safavid Empire Built capital at Isfahan: wealthy, cultural center
1. Location
Iran (“Persia”) – Between India & Ottoman Empire
2. Time
1500s – 1722
3. Key Leaders & Religion
Shah Abbas the Great (1588 – 1629)
Built capital at Isfahan: wealthy, cultural center
Shia Muslims (forced conversion)

14. Safavid Empire
4. Social Order:
Shah
Merchants, Artisans, Scholars, & Industries
Farmers
5. Contributions, Etc. …
Palace Workshops: porcelains, clothes, rugs with intricate floral patterns (textbook p. 279)

15. Safavid Empire 6. Decline Abbas’ death started the decline
Qajars – Moved Capital to Tehran (Iran)

16. Page 11 Review Questions Chapter 19 Section 2
1. The shah another title for king.  This term was typically used in Persia and Iran.  An example of a shah was Shah Esmail, who in 1501, used his forces to seize much of Iran and Iraq.
2. SEE NOTES ON PAGE 12
3. After the death of Suleyman, sultans became less involved in government.  Members of the elite searched for wealth and power.  Local officials became corrupt, taxes increased, and palace intrigue grew.  Also, the growing impact of Western ideas and customs led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

17. Page 11 Review Questions Chapter 19 Section 2
4.  The Safavid Shah Esmail sent Shia preachers into the Anatolian Peninsula to convert members of Turkish tribes in the Ottoman Empire.  The Ottoman Sultan tried to halt this activity, but Esmail refused to stop.  Esmail also ordered the massacred of Sunni Muslims when he conquered Baghdad in
5.  Persia under the Safavids was a mixed society.  Turkish and Persian elements both contributed to society.  Shah Abbas hired foreigners from neighboring countries for positions in his government.  Trading successfully but not as well as the Moguls and Ottomans.

18. History of St. Patrick’s Day

19. Page 21 Review Questions Chapter 20 Lesson 1
1. Wearing the queue (braided pigtail traditionally worn by Chinese men) was a sign of acquiescence with the new dynasty.  Failure to wear it exposed enemies.  It sent a message of submission and cultural integration.
2. Achievements of the Ming, such as the voyages of Zheng He; achievements of the Qing, such as trade with Russia; and achievements of both dynasties, such as artistic innovation.
3. Achievements included expansion of territory, a centralized bureaucracy (state officials make decisions) technological advanced, and the first contacts and exchanges of ideas with the West.

20. PAGE 21 REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 20 LESSON 1
4. Early emperors brought the defeated Chinese into the imperial administration.  Kangxi (great emperor during the Qing Dynasty) gained support of China's scholars and was tolerant towards Christians.
5. An increased food supply led to a larger population, which led to land shortages.  increased trade and manufacturing brought in a supply of new goods and Western Ideas. 

21. Ottoman Empire
“It would be wrong to call the Ottoman Empire a purely Islamic state. It was not. It was a state that claimed some kind of an attachment, some kind of allegiance to Islam, but combined it with other forms of heritage from the Byzantine tradition or from the Turkic tradition that did not really correspond to Islam. So they always had this very, (practical) approach to Islam.”
— Professor Edhem Eldem, Bogazici University, NPR News, All Things Considered, August 18, 2004
This author is suggesting that during the Ottoman Empire
(1) religion was mingled with historic traditions
(2) most people belonged to minority religions
(3) rulers tried to separate politics from religion
(4) rulers operated under a strict set of laws
(1) religion was mingled with historic traditions

22. Computer Assignment Prentice Hall Social Studies website:
Chapter 10 (“Muslim Civilizations”)
Section 5 Assessment (FOR A GRADE)

23. Ming Dynasty
Mongols are kicked out of China in 1368: Ming Dynasty is formed (“Brilliant”) Goals: Restore Chinese Greatness Build new capital at Beijing  “Forbidden City” Confucian Schools  Civil Service Exam

27. Zheng He Explorer, merchant/trader, sailor
Oversaw a fleet of hundreds of ships
Sailed all over the Indian Ocean Trade Network
In 1433, Chinese ethnocentrism leads to policy of isolation

30. Rise of the Qing Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty ended its trade with Europe in 1433 (practicing ethnocentrism)
By the early 1600s the Ming Dynasty decayed – revolts erupted – Qing dynasty gains control and makes Beijing their capital
Qing means Pure

32. Qing Dynasty
To remain distinct, the Manchus (Qing civilians) barred intermarriage between Manchus and all other Chinese 
Women didn't practice foot binding! 
Government remained in the hands of the Chinese

33. Qing Rulers
Kangxi- ruled from was an able administrator and military leader
Promoted Chinese culture and extended their power
Qianlong- Kangxi's grandson, ruled from 1736 to 1796
Greatest period of prosperity and greatest physical size
Corrupt officials & higher taxes led to unrest during Qianlong's reign
Peasant revolt!  "The White Lotus Rebellion" ( ) 

34. Qianlong

35. Workshop/Review!
Read "The Voyages of Zheng He" on page 22 and answer the short answer questions on page 23 Answer the Multiple Choice Questions on page 24 Begin reading and answering questions on Africa! Pages 25 & 26.

36. Songhai The largest of the 3 major West African kingdoms
Took control of Timbuktu in 1468 – Sunni Ali
Built on traditions of Ghana & Mali
Expanded trade to Europe and Asia
Time of great cultural diffusion
Askia Muhammad sets up high functioning bureaucracy after taking over for Sunni Ali
5 provinces each with
A governor
Tax collector
Judges (Like Mansa Musa, had laws based on Qur’an)
Trade inspectors
Ultimately overtaken in 1591 by a small Moroccan Army
Moroccans defeated Songhai because of their advanced weaponry

37. West African Civilizations: Songhai
Read page 266 of your packet (front & back)
Who started the Songhai dynasty?
What were the key factors in Songhai’s rise to power?
How/Why did Songhai decline?
What is subsistence farming?
What ideas and technologies did the Bantu spread across Africa?

38. Civilizations of The Americas

40. Aztecs
Government: Single ruler. Conquered many of the surrounding peoples (Aztec “Empire”)
Adaptation to Environment: Built “Tenochtitlan” on Lake Texcoco engineered causeways & chinampas   
Social Classes: Ruler was the highest, Nobility, Warriors, Farmers, and then the Enslaved peoples were the lowest.
Religious Beliefs: Rituals & ceremonies to please the gods: many sacrifices
Learning: Priests recorded laws & histories, ran schools. The Aztecs had an accurate calendar, and made many advances in medicine.
*Hernan Cortés invaded Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec Empire.

46. Which statement best describes Aztec civilization at the time of the Encounter?
Small groups of nomadic clans competed for food.
Various ethnic groups had representation in a legislative body.
Absence of a social class structure created unsettled living conditions.
Advanced agricultural practices supported large urban centers.

47. Which situation was an immediate cause for the collapse of the Aztec civilization?
disruption of overseas trade networks
conquest by foreigners
a series of crop failures
a lack of military training

48. Incas
Government: “Sapa Inca” exercised absolute power (telling his subjects who to marry, where to live, and what jobs to do)
Unified Empire: The empire was united under one language, one religion, & an extensive road system.
Allowed armies and news to travel swiftly
Sophisticated cities: Cuzco & Machu Pichu
Agriculture: Step-terraces built into the mountainside to cultivate corn, beans, and squash.
Religion: Polytheistic, worshipping gods linked to nature.
*The Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro invaded the Incan Empire in 1532, seeking riches. The Inca had already had some contact with Europeans, and many had died of European diseases.
*Both the Aztec & Inca decline because of Spanish Invaders

54. The location of the Inca civilization of South America demonstrates the
importance of trade with western Europe
ability of humans to adapt the environment
influence of cultural diversity
complexity of indigenous belief systems

55. A key reason the Incas were able to control their large empire was that they
outlawed human sacrifice
formed a democratic government
built a road system to connect distant areas and to move armies
promoted literacy and mass education programs to teach loyalty to their subjects

56. Last Question …
A study of the achievements of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures would show that they
sustained dense populations through intensive agriculture
engaged in an extensive exploration of the Pacific Ocean
built vehicles with wheels to transport goods
developed rice paper and wood-block printing

58. Reviewing Important Ideas:
GENERAL QUESTIONS & THEMES:
Be able to explain how the first people reached the Americas.
Describe the main achievements of the Mayan civilization.
Explain how the Aztecs build a large and powerful empire.
Explain how the Incas ruled such a vast region.
BOOK QUESTIONS:
Page 174 “Reviewing Facts” #1, 3, 4
Page 174 “Critical Thinking” #1
Page 175 “Analyzing Tables” #1, 2, 3

59. Computer Assignment: Prentice Hall (Textbook) site  Quizlet
Chapter 6 Sections 1 & 2 Assessments
Quizlet