1. Bellringer: 1/13 and 1/17 1. Pick up the papers by the door.
2. Have out something to write with for your Rome Geography Quiz.
3. Review with your neighbor for ~5 minutes before the quiz.

2. After your quiz: 1. Make the following Table of Contents updates:
Page 79: Quiz – Roman Geo/Origins/Foundations
Page 80: Notes – Roman Republic
Page 81: Struggle for Political Power.. Reading
Page 82: Struggle for Political Power Questions
2. Write down your HW:
Complete “Struggle for Political Power in Ancient Rome” reading and the reading questions

3. Agenda: 1/13 and 1/17 1. Bellringer: Quiz Review
2. Quiz: Roman Geography, Origins, and Foundations
3. Notes: Roman Republic
4. Activity: Struggle for Political Power Reading and Questions

4. Roman Republic, Day 1

5. The Founding of the Roman Republic:
Legend of Romulus and Remus
Twin brothers, founders of Rome in 753 BCE
Historic background:
Etruscan kings are ruling Rome around 600 BCE
Etruscans are conquered by the Romans around 510 BCE
509 BCE: Established the Roman Republic
Around 600 B.C. Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome.
Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers
Romans overthrow cruel Etruscan kings in 509 B.C.
Romans found a republic—a government in which citizens elect leaders

6. Geography: Plains, hills, & mountains, seas = natural barriers
Geography promotes unification in Rome
Means a centralized government, NOT city-states
Rome itself = well positioned
In the center of Mediterranean  good spot for an empire

7. Religion: Gods same as Greeks Religious festivals/cults to honor gods
Example of cultural diffusion
Example: Juno, Jupiter, and Minerva
Job = provision over the people
Religious festivals/cults to honor gods
Pontifex Maximus – religious leader in Rome
Roman gods = Greek gods (different names) (cultural diffusion)
Role of religious festivals and cults (The Festival of Saturnalia)
Three central gods = Juno, Jupiter, and Minerva
Main role of gods in Roman culture = protection and provision of the people
Roman belief in a multitude of spirits
Religious leader in Rome called Pontifex Maximus

8. Achievements: Art Sculpture (Classical-style) and mosaics and pottery
Architecture = influenced by Etruscans and Greeks
Roads, aqueducts for transportation
Stadiums and amphitheatre (from Greeks, Etruscans)
Arches (from Etruscans)
Great roads to travel on
Aqueducts to bring water into the city
Built great stadiums and amphitheatres (influence of Etruscans and Greeks)
Arch (taken from Etruscans)
System of government, concept of due process of law  taken from Rome
Mosaics = popular art
Statues, sculptures in the Classical style (influence of Greece)
Rome builds a strong military
All eligible men generally joined the military (all classes)
All male citizens = required to serve
Military service required to serve in government
Military units called legions (cavalry, infantry)

9. Achievements: Rome builds a strong military
All male citizens = required to serve
Military service required to serve in government
Military units called legions (cavalry, infantry)
Great roads to travel on
Aqueducts to bring water into the city
Built great stadiums and amphitheatres (influence of Etruscans and Greeks)
Arch (taken from Etruscans)
System of government, concept of due process of law  taken from Rome
Mosaics = popular art
Statues, sculptures in the Classical style (influence of Greece)
Rome builds a strong military
All eligible men generally joined the military (all classes)
All male citizens = required to serve
Military service required to serve in government
Military units called legions (cavalry, infantry)

11. Based upon this image, what was Roman government like?

12. Politics/Political Systems:
Political organization
Centralized government, NOT city-states
Established a republic first, later an empire
Republic = government where people elect representatives)
Same as in the U.S.
Rome = ruled by Senate, Consuls, the people
SPQR: “The Senate and the People”
Old populations  city-states
Roman Republic  centralized government (different from Greece)
Republic  form of government where people elect representatives
United States = representative democracy
Ruled by a Senate and the people
Senate  led the Roman Republic, offered legal advice, appointed governors and consuls (run the government, direct the military)
SPQR: The Senate and the People
Senate (patricians) appointed consuls, who were in power for a year (dealt with foreign affairs, the military)
People (plebeians) were organized by tribes, elected 10 tribunes (governed local affairs)
Concilium plebis – made laws for Rome
Roman laws stressed fairness, common sense
Constitution: No written constitution
Consul

13. The Government of Ancient Rome
Evolution of gov’t in Rome:
Kings
Republic
Empire

14. The most important feature of the republic was the Senate, whose 300 members were elected by citizens to make laws & taxes

15. Politics/Political Systems:
1. The Senate (patricians)
Most influence in republic, offered legal advice
Made up of 300 patricians
Appointed governors and consuls
2. Consuls
2 of them/in power for a year
Elected by the Senate
Involved in running the government, dealt with foreign affairs, military
Ruled by a Senate and the people
Senate  led the Roman Republic, offered legal advice, appointed governors and consuls (run the government, direct the military)
SPQR: The Senate and the People
Senate (patricians) appointed consuls, who were in power for a year (dealt with foreign affairs, the military)
People (plebeians) were organized by tribes, elected 10 tribunes (governed local affairs)
Concilium plebis – made laws for Rome
Roman laws stressed fairness, common sense
Constitution: No written constitution
Consul

16. Politics/Political Systems:
Concilium plebis
Made laws for Rome
Laws stressed fairness, common sense
Concept of justice, due process – get it from Rome
3. The people (plebeians)
Organized by tribes
Elected 10 tribunes, who governed local affairs
Ruled by a Senate and the people
Senate  led the Roman Republic, offered legal advice, appointed governors and consuls (run the government, direct the military)
SPQR: The Senate and the People
Senate (patricians) appointed consuls, who were in power for a year (dealt with foreign affairs, the military)
People (plebeians) were organized by tribes, elected 10 tribunes (governed local affairs)
Concilium plebis – made laws for Rome
Roman laws stressed fairness, common sense
Constitution: No written constitution
Consul

17. Politics/Political Systems
In 451 B.C., government officials wrote down Rome’s laws onto the Twelve Tables which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see
4. The Twelve Tables = based on idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law

18. What do the Twelve Tables say?
Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of the law.
Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners.

20. Economics: An agricultural economy, supplemented by trade
More arable land than in Greece  can grow their own food Rome needs to trade
Still have to establish colonies throughout Mediterranean to trade
Agricultural economy
- Lots of arable land  can grow their own food (different from Greece)
Supplemented by trade
Established colonies throughout the Mediterranean Sea for the purposes of trade

21. Social: Patricians vs. Plebeian divide
Two major social classes in Roman Republic
Patricians: Wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power in the republic
Voice through the Senate
Plebeians: basically everyone else (artisans, farmers, merchants, etc.)
Voice through tribunes

22. Social: Citizens’ rights – fundamental aspect of Roman society
Felt a duty to participate in government
Voting = crucial right in Rome (makes you a citizen)
Stoicism – be rational, not emotional in your responsibilities
Representative government = citizens participate in gov’t, have rights
Romans felt like they had a duty to participate in government, make things better
Women draw the short straw (women are not allowed to vote)
Promoted Stoicism as a means to be a good citizen (don’t let emotions get the better of you, be rational)
Client-patron system
Network of reciprocal (“I scratch your back, you scratch mine”) relationships institutionalized by Roman custom
Duties of client (what do they provide) and obligations of the patron (what do they give in return)
Reflects the central Roman value of fidelity
The Roman family
Patriarchal society (men have the power)
Women lived in the shadow of men
Eventually will be able gain some economic power, can divorce, retain husbands’ property
But CANNOT vote = crucial in Rome for citizenship purposes
Private vs. public sphere
Formal schooling for boys and girls
Rhetoric in Roman education – similarity with Greece (certain city-states)
Important morals (fides, pietas, virtus)
Slavery exists in Roman Republic
More military conquests = more slaves
- Slaves constituted 30-40% of the population

23. Social: The Roman family: Patriarchal (men have the power)
Women = some rights (divorce, get husband’s property) but CAN’T VOTE!
Public vs. private spheres = gender roles (but at least Roman women can actually leave the house)
Slavery in Rome
Military conquests  slaves
Slaves = ~35-40% of the population
Rhetoric in Roman education – similarity with Greece (certain city-states)
Important morals (fides, pietas, virtus)
Slavery exists in Roman Republic
More military conquests = more slaves
- Slaves constituted 30-40% of the population

24. Reading: Struggle for Political Power in Ancient Rome
Read the short reading provided on the fight for political power in Rome.
When finished, begin working on the reading questions. You will need to complete this for HW if you do not finish in class today.

25. Roman Republic, Day 2

26. Bellringer: 1/20 and 1/21 1.

27. Agenda: 1/20 and 1/21 1.

28. Homework: 1/20 and 1/21 1.

29. Quick Recap: Roman Republic
Review Questions

30. DBQ: The roman republic and the united states
Writing Practice:
DBQ: The roman republic and the united states