1. Physical oceanography observations during the drift experiment
Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate
OCEAN during MOSAiC
Physical oceanography observations during the drift experiment

2. Core PO activity S / T STRATI- TURBULENCE FICATION Figure M. Shupe
This slide only briefly – most of it should be in general overview talk (?)
S / T
STRATI-
FICATION
TURBULENCE
Figure M. Shupe

3. Core PO activity Overarching questions:
►How does transfer of energy through the atmosphere-ice-ocean
column depend on the surface properties?
►How do ocean boundary layer stratification and structure evolve with season?
►What role do transient processes play in vertical mixing?
Processes:
►Under-ice boundary layer and ocean boundary layer in leads
►Vertical exchange across the halocline
►Large and mesoscale advection
►Changes in heat and freshwater budgets / inventories
►Link to deeper ocean layers
TURBULENCE
STRATI-
FICATION
T / S

4. MOSAiC OCEAN topics / partners
Temporary / intense:
Vertical water column fluxes:
turbulence, T/S, other parameters, samples, tracers
Under-ice boundary layer
vertical fluxes
Leads
Melt/freeze
Transients (storms, eddies)
3-D boundary layer dynamics
Ocean optics
Google table / doc links:
AWI, Bremerhaven, Germany (coordination)
NPI / Norway
UiT / Norway
LOCEAN, UPMC, Paris, France (coordination)
UiB / Norway
U Gothenburg / Sweden
WHOI / USA
U Tokyo / Japan
U Washington / USA
U Bangor / UK
IARC, UAF / USA
Russia?
NPS / USA
China?
Yale / USA
Korea?
Ocean tracers
Surface (trace) gas exchange

5. OCEAN on-board Polarstern
How? OCEAN on-board Polarstern
OCEAN (city) at the Central Observatory
OCEAN across a Distributed Network
OCEAN on-board Polarstern
Full-depth CTD profiles (weekly rosette)  sampling (coordination ECO/BGC)  shallow sampling prob. CTD tent on ice?
ADCP velocity profiles (150 KHz, down to m depth)
Small ROV (deep ocean) X

6. OCEAN (city) at the Central Observatory
CTD tent (weekly profiles: max. to 1000 m)  sampling (coordination ECO/BGC)
Microstructure turbulence profiles ( m max.; 8 h / weekly; dropsonde or upriser)
AC-X optical profiles (weekly, 0-300m max.)
T/S structure and vertical fluxes in under- ice b.l. and halocline (high frequency ADCP / point sensors; CTD micro profiler)
Various expendable sensors for profiling
ADCP velocity / vertical shear profiles (various freq.)
T/S strings (0-200 m)  tentative
Manpower demanding
winch/hand
Regular visits:
power / data recovery
Is that everything? ;)

7. OCEAN across Distributed Network
Outer scale: 30 km diameter.
Inner scale: 5 km diameter.
Super sites: ocean profilers -- T, S, DO, bio-optics, chemistry, velocity, turbulence.
Medium sites: simple profiler or sensor chain – T, S
Across DN: mobile vehicles / AUV: T, S, microstructure, DO, Chl a fluorescence....
+ sites: service / sensor cross calibration every month.
ML: (L=lead) Temporarily intensified measurements at different locations throughout distributed network (or beyond), e.g. Microstructure turbulence, AUV (ROV?, gliders?); flexible afterwards deploy buoy
resolve eddies (lateral advection) & internal waves; connect ice – ocean boundary to ocean interior; resolve (sub)mesoscale restratification processes; get better statistical sample of vertical processes and ocean state within „climate model grid box"

8. OCEAN observations: link to large scale
Large-scale linkages
Collaborating research vessels (Academic Fedorov, Xue Long, Oden…) and supply cruises
Aircraft (Polar 5,6, Halo), ocean gliders
Satellites
Data assimilation studies
Arctic regional & global models
> 1000 km
< 5 km
Central Observatory
Ship based
Sea ice stations
Process scale observations
Distributed Network
Sea ice stations visited by helicopter
UAV, ocean gliders
Aircraft (Polar 5,6, Halo)
Process & regional model
Model grid cell
< 50 km
Only show this very briefly (should be shown in general overview talk?) – then onto next slide

9. OCEAN observations: link to large scale
Large-scale linkages
Collaborating research vessels (Academic Fedorov, Xue Long, Oden…) and supply cruises
Aircraft (Polar 5,6, Halo), ocean gliders
Satellites
Data assimilation studies
Arctic regional & global models
> 1000 km
< 5 km
Central Observatory
Ship based
Sea ice stations
Process scale observations
Distributed Network
Sea ice stations visited by helicopter
UAV, ocean gliders
Aircraft (Polar 5,6, Halo)
Process & regional model
Model grid cell
< 50 km
Arctic-wide context for MOSAiC OCEAN observations
autonomous ice-tethered observations across the Arctic Ocean
additional observations by other ships (?)
Moorings (gateways, bc)
Ice-tethered buoy deployments using icebreakers from different countries
Map modified from Rudels (2005)

10. The end MOSAiC OCEAN team   BUOY talk and breakout session OCEAN
Talk too long?
The end

11. Manned and mobile observations
Visbeck
AUV
(gliders?)
ADCP
May not show this – just an example of devices – but perhaps unnecessary? I just think that picture are often easier to digest and remember ...
Turbulent microstructure
CTD/rosette
(ship, ice floe)