2. Parts of Speech Adjective: Pronoun: Nouns: Subject:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
Nouns:
Adjective:
“Name”
Person, Place, or Thing
Can be a Subject or an Object!
- “Attached to”
- Describes a noun
The students would come back to the cold and concrete school when the warm summer ended and they dreaded it.
Pronoun:
Subject:
- “On behalf of a Noun”
- Stands in place of a noun
“Thrown Down”
What the sentence is about
Can be a noun or pronoun

3. Parts of Speech Adjective: Pronoun: Nouns: Subject:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
Nouns:
Adjective:
“Name”
Person, Place, or Thing
Can be a Subject or an Object!
- “Attached to”
- Describes a noun
The students would come back to the cold and concrete school when the warm summer ended and they dreaded it.
Pronoun:
Subject:
- “On behalf of a Noun”
- Stands in place of a noun
“Thrown Down”
What the sentence is about
Can be a noun or pronoun

4. Parts of Speech Direct Object: Indirect Object: Preposition: Object:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
Object:
Direct Object:
Usually any noun not apart of the subject
Three main kinds
Direct
Indirect
Object of a Preposition
What the Verb acts upon.
Indirect Object:
When something is done to/for someone or some (living) thing.
Preposition:
- “Put before”
Modifies the sentence in a directional or temporal way
Creates a Prepositional Phrase between the preposition and the object of the Preposition.

5. Parts of Speech Direct Object: Indirect Object: Preposition:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
On the first day, the magister gave students their books, which he tossed over their heads and onto their desks. When the kids screamed in terror, he said, “For me, it’s more fun when I throw things!”
Direct Object:
What the Verb acts upon. (DO)
Indirect Object:
When something is done to/for someone or some (living) thing.
To and For can be used instead of an IO
Preposition:
- “Put before”
Modifies the sentence in a directional or temporal way
Creates a Prepositional Phrase between the preposition and the object of the preposition.

6. Parts of Speech Direct Object: Indirect Object: Preposition:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
On the first day, the magister gave students their books, which he tossed over their heads and onto their desks. When the kids screamed in terror, he said, “For me, it’s more fun when I throw things!”
Direct Object:
What the Verb acts upon. (DO)
Indirect Object:
When something is done to/for someone or some (living) thing.
To and For can be used instead of an IO
Preposition:
- “Put before”
Modifies the sentence in a directional or temporal way
Creates a Prepositional Phrase between the preposition and the object of the preposition.

7. Parts of Speech Adverb: Predicate: Verb:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
Verb:
Adverb:
The action of a sentence
“To the Verb”
Modifies or changes how the action/verb is done.
Can modify an adjective too
Predicate:
- Any part of the sentence not a part of the subject
The magister quickly kicked a wooden desk very hard. Then he said to the student, “I am doing well, how are you doing?

8. Parts of Speech Adverb: Predicate: Verb:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
Verb:
Adverb:
The action of a sentence
“To the Verb”
Modifies how the action/verb is done.
Can modify an adjective too
Predicate:
- Any part of the sentence not a part of the subject
The magister quickly kicked a wooden desk very hard. Then he said to the student, “I am doing well, how are you doing?”

9. Parts of Speech Helping Verb: Linking Verb: Main Verb:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
Main Verb:
Helping Verb:
The central action of a sentence
Helps the main explain when something was done.
When the students had left the classroom, they were talking about their teacher. “OMG, he is very weird.” “Weird? He is insane.”
“He is a lunatic!”
“Well, I have liked staring at the moon for many years,” said the teacher behind them.
Linking Verb:
Connects a predicate noun or predicate adjective with the subject.

10. Parts of Speech Helping Verb: Linking Verb: Main Verb:
Basic Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
Main Verb:
Helping Verb:
The central action of a sentence
Helps the main explain when something was done.
When the students had left the classroom, they were talking about their teacher. “OMG, he is very weird.” “Weird? He is insane.”
“He is a lunatic”
“Well, I have liked staring at the moon for many years,” said the teacher behind them.
Linking Verb:
Connects a predicate noun or predicate adjective with the subject.

11. Parts of Speech Active: Passive Voice: Basic Grammar Review
Determines the relationship between the verb and the subject
English and Latin (mercifully) have only two voices that are easy to determine.
The subject does the action of verb
Passive
When the action is done to the subject.
(Uses is, are, was, were, or had been with a verb.)
The magister frightens the students.
The students are frightened by the magister.

12. Are all forms…of the same word:
Basic Grammar Review
Quick Side Note!!
IS, ARE, WAS, and WERE,
Are all forms…of the same word:
TO BE!

13. Comparison: Intro to Lingua Latina
The difference between English and Latin grammar:
English grammar relies heavily on Word Order
Latin grammar relies heavily on Endings
Comparison:
Puella poetam amat.
Sub DO Verb
The girl loves the poet.
Sub verb DO
Poetam puella amat.
DO Sub Verb
The same sentences!!
Amat Puella poetam.
Verb Sub DO

14. Comparison: Intro to Lingua Latina
The difference between English and Latin adjectives:
English adjectives don’t change…
they are boring and not friendly
Latin adjectives have a very helpful identity crisis.
Comparison:
Sardinia is a large island.
Sub verb adj noun
The town is small.
Sub verb adj
Sardinia est magna insula
Sub verb adj
Oppidum est parvum
Sub verb adj
What’s the difference?

15. Comparison: Intro to Lingua Latina
The difference between English and Latin adjectives:
English adjectives don’t change…
they are boring and not friendly
Latin adjectives have a very helpful identity crisis.
Comparison:
Sardinia is a large island.
Sub verb adj noun
The town is small.
Sub verb adj
Sardinia est magna insula
Sub verb adj noun
Oppidum est parvum
Sub verb adj
Latin adjectives agree with the nouns they modify.
In other words… adjectives match their endings with the noun they go with.

16. Basic Latin Grammar Quick Side Note!!
A, An, or The
Do not exist in Latin!
…..get over it.

17. Do not exist in Latin as helping (auxiliary) verbs!
Basic Latin Grammar Quick Side Note Part 2!!
The words Do and Does
Do not exist in Latin as helping (auxiliary) verbs!
Such as: “Do you even lift?”
“I do lift!”
Other languages think we are weird for doing that, so stop it.

18. Don’t Panic! Take a Breath.
Intro to Lingua Latina
Keep in Mind:
First: Word Order
- Latin word order is not strict…AT ALL!
- So go with the flow and take it as it is.
Second: Context
- Lingua Latin likes to teach through context.
- If there’s something you don’t understand….
Don’t Panic! Take a Breath.
- Continue reading. It might make sense later.
Third: Repetition
- Lingua Latin has a circular and repetitious style of writing.
- This allows students to see the same words repeatedly and learn through context.
- Be patient.

19. Basic Intro to Roman History
AKA: What are we learning about again?
Roman history can be broken into 4 main periods:
Rule of the Kings- When Rome was ruled by…well…kings. Probably mythical.
The Republican Period- When Rome was a republic. This was a pretty cool time.
The Roman Empire- Emperors took over because democracy was too icky.
The Byzantine Empire- Rome fell to barbarians, but the eastern half of the empire continued on as if nothing happened.

20. Basic Intro to Roman History
AKA: What are we learning about again?
Rule of the Kings
Rome started off as a small city-state on the Tiber River in central Italy.
Originally, various tribes lived on seven hills above swampy lowlands until they started to unite under the 1st legendary king, Romulus.
Later, the Romans overthrew there kings for being tyrants.

21. Basic Intro to Roman History
The Republican Period
The Roman government was now similar to ours.
The Romans slowly conquered their neighbors and expanded beyond Italy to became the dominant power in the Mediterranean Sea.
Unfortunately, the conquests created huge instability in the republic, and the state was destroyed by civil wars.

22. The Roman Empire Generals took control of the government by force.
- Many Emperors were poor leaders but some were competent.
Constant civil wars weakened the empire and the western half, including Rome, was spilt amongst various German tribes.

23. Although Rome fell, the city of Constantinople became the capital of the remainder of the Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire
The culture gradually became more Greek with time
After lingering for a 1,000 year after Rome fell, Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks.