1. Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Edition
Chapter 10
Systems Development
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2. Principles and Learning Objectives
Effective systems development requires a team effort of stakeholders, users, managers, systems development specialists, and various support personnel, and it starts with careful planning
Identify the key participants in the systems development process and discuss their roles
Define the term information systems planning and discuss the importance of planning a project
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3. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Systems development often uses different approaches and tools such as traditional development, prototyping, rapid application development, end-user development, computer-aided software engineering, and object- oriented development to select, implement, and monitor projects
Discuss the key features, advantages, and disadvantages of the traditional, prototyping, rapid application development, and end-user systems development life cycles
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4. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Discuss the use of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools and the object-oriented approach to systems development
Systems development starts with investigation and analysis of existing systems
State the purpose of systems investigation
Discuss the importance of performance and cost objectives
State the purpose of systems analysis and discuss some of the tools and techniques used in this phase of systems development
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5. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Designing new systems or modifying existing ones should always be aimed at helping an organization achieve its goals
State the purpose of systems design and discuss the differences between logical and physical systems design
Discuss the use of environmental design in the systems development process
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6. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
The primary emphasis of systems implementation is to make sure that the right information is delivered to the right person in the right format at the right time
State the purpose of systems implementation and discuss the various activities associated with this phase of systems development
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7. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Maintenance and review add to the useful life of a system but can consume large amounts of resources, so they benefit from the same rigorous methods and project management techniques applied to systems development
State the importance of systems and software maintenance and discuss the activities involved
Describe the systems review process
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8. Why Learn About Systems Development?
In this chapter:
You will see how you can initiate the systems development process and analyze your needs with the help of IS personnel
You will learn how your project can be planned, aligned with corporate goals, and rapidly developed
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9. An Overview of Systems Development
In today’s businesses:
Managers and employees in all functional areas work together and use business information systems
This chapter will:
Provide you with a deeper appreciation of the systems development process for individuals and organizations
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10. Participants in Systems Development
Development team:
Determines objectives of the information system
Delivers system that meets objectives
Stakeholders:
People who ultimately benefit from the system development Project
Users:
People who will interact with the system regularly
Systems analyst:
Professional who specializes in analyzing and designing business systems
Programmer:
Responsible for modifying or developing programs to satisfy user requirements
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12. Strategic Planning
identify what information systems the organization need to achieve its goals
Use SWOT approach to identify potential ISs based on: Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats
Select a number of these ISs based on evaluation criteria
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13. Systems Development Life Cycles
The life of the system continues as it is maintained and reviewed
A new project will be initiated and the cycle will start over:
If the system needs significant improvement beyond the scope of maintenance
If it needs to be replaced because of a new generation of technology, or
If the IS needs of the organization change significantly
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14. The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle
Systems investigation: (What is the problem?)
Studies existing systems and work processes to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for improvement, and threats
Identifies problems and opportunities and considers them in light of business goals
Systems analysis: (What is the solution?)
Determine inputs and outputs
Determine functional and non functional requirements of the system
Systems design: (How does the solution work?)
Defines how the information system will do what it must do to obtain the problem’s solution
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15. The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (continued)
Systems implementation:
Creates or acquires various system components detailed in systems design, assembles them, and places new or modified system into operation
Systems maintenance and review:
Ensures the system operates as intended
Modifies the system so that it continues to meet changing business needs
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16. Approaches for System Development
Traditional Approach
Prototyping
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Agile
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
Object-Oriented Systems Development (OOSD)
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17. Traditional Approach
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18. Prototyping An iterative approach During each iteration:
Requirements and alternative solutions to the problem are identified and analyzed
New solutions are designed, and a portion of the system is implemented
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19. Prototyping
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20. 1. Systems Investigation
What primary problems might a new or enhanced system solve?
What opportunities might a new or enhanced system provide?
What new hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, or procedures will improve an existing system or are required in a new system?
What are the potential costs (variable and fixed)?
What are the associated risks?
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21. Initiating Systems Investigation
Systems request form:
Filled out by someone who wants IS department to initiate systems investigation
Information included:
Problems in or opportunities for system
Objectives of systems investigation
Overview of proposed system
Expected costs and benefits of proposed system
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22. Feasibility Analysis Assesses (evaluate): Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
Legal feasibility
Operational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
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24. The Systems Investigation Report
Summarizes results of systems investigation
Summarizes the process of feasibility analysis
Recommends a course of action:
Continue on into systems analysis
Modify the project in some manner
Drop the project
Reviewed by steering committee
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26. 2. Systems Analysis Overall emphasis of analysis:
Gathering data on existing system
Determining requirements for new system
Considering alternatives
Investigating feasibility of solutions
Primary outcome of systems analysis:
Prioritized list of systems requirements
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27. Use Case diagram
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28. Sequence Diagram
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29. Data Collection Identifying sources of data: Collecting data:
Internal and external sources
Collecting data:
Interviews
Direct observation
Questionnaires
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32. Data Analysis (Modeling)
Data modeling:
Accomplished through the use of entity-relationship (ER) diagram
Activity modeling:
Accomplished through the use of data-flow diagrams (DFD)
DFDs: Describe the activities that fulfill a business relationship or accomplish a business task
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33. Requirements Analysis
Purpose is to determine user, stakeholder, and organizational needs
Techniques used to capture systems requirements:
Asking directly
Critical success factors (CSFs): activities required for ensuring the success of an organization
The IS plan
Requirements analysis tools
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34. Requirements Analysis (continued)
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35. The Systems Analysis Report
Elements:
Strengths and weaknesses of existing system from a stakeholder’s perspective
User/stakeholder requirements for new system
Organizational requirements for new system
Description of what new information system should do to solve the problem
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36. Chapter 10
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37. 3. Systems Design Answers the question:
How will the information system solve a problem?
Results in a technical design that:
Details system outputs, inputs, and user interfaces
Specifies hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, and procedures
Shows how these components are related
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38. Logical and Physical Design
Logical design:
Describes functional requirements of a system
Physical design:
Specifies the characteristics of the system components necessary to put the logical design into action
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39. Class Diagram
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40. Environmental Design Considerations
Also called green design
Involves systems development efforts that reduce power consumption, require less physical space, and result in systems that can be disposed of in a way that doesn’t negatively affect the environment
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41. The Design Report Primary result of systems design
Reflects decisions made and prepares the way for systems implementation
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43. 4. Systems Implementation
Includes:
Hardware acquisition
Programming and software acquisition or development
User preparation
Hiring and training of personnel
Site and data preparation
Installation, testing, start-up, and user acceptance
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44. Acquiring Hardware from an IS Vendor
Company that offers hardware, software, telecommunications systems, databases, IS personnel, or other computer-related resources
Types of IS vendors include:
General computer manufacturers
Small computer manufacturers
Peripheral equipment manufacturers
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45. Acquiring Software: Make or Buy?
Make-or-buy decision:
Whether to obtain software from external or internal sources
Externally acquired software and Software as a Service (SaaS):
Software as a Service (SaaS) allows businesses to subscribe to Web-delivered application software by paying a monthly service charge
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46. Acquiring Database and Telecommunications Systems
Databases:
A blend of hardware and software
Virtual databases and database as a service (DaaS):
Popular ways to acquire database capabilities
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47. User Preparation
Readying managers, decision makers, employees, other users, and stakeholders for new systems
Important but often ignored area of systems implementation
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48. IS Personnel: Hiring and Training
An organization might have to hire and, in some cases, train new IS personnel
Personnel that might be needed for the new or modified system:
An IS manager
Systems analysts
Computer programmers
Data entry operators
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49. Site Preparation Preparing the location of a new system
Developing IS sites that are energy efficient is important
Security is also important for site preparation
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50. Data Preparation Also called data conversion
Ensuring all files and databases are ready to be used with new computer software and systems
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51. Installation
Process of physically placing computer equipment on the site and making it operational
Normally, manufacturer is responsible for installing computer equipment
Someone from the organization (usually IS manager) should oversee the process
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52. Testing Forms of testing: Unit testing System testing Volume testing
Integration testing
Acceptance testing
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53. User Acceptance
Formal agreement signed by user that states that a phase of installation or the complete system is approved
Legal document that removes or reduces IS vendor’s liability
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54. 5. Systems Operation and Maintenance
Use of a new or modified system
Systems maintenance:
Checking, changing, and enhancing the system to make it more useful in achieving user and organizational goals
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55. Systems Review Final step of systems development
Analyzes systems to make sure that they are operating as intended
Can be performed during systems development
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56. System Performance Measurement
Monitoring the system:
Number of errors encountered
Amount of memory required
Amount of processing or CPU time needed
Other problems
System performance products:
Software that measures all components of the information system
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57. Continuous professional development
Information Technology (IT) is changing everyday
New technical skills of IS professionals become old soon
IS professionals need to be aware and up-to-date of the latest technologies and innovations in the IS and IT fields
Need for professional ethics and continuous professional development
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58. Continuous Professional Development (Cont.)
Industry and government devote significant resources to the training of software engineers
The ACM and IEEE-CS promote and support professional development through
Publications
Conferences
Workshop
Tutorials
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59. Improve Yourself Focus on professional development Opportunities
conferences, training, certification, degree
Successful people never stop learning about profession, industry, career path
at minimum read industry trade journals and books
Invest in yourself
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60. Be Prepared Never stop growing/expanding your network
Update your resume
Stay active outside of work – volunteering
Gain additional work experience
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61. Professional Societies
Two very active societies provide mature support for the Information Systems profession:
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
IEEE Computer Society (IEEE-CS)
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62. The ACM
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (
Founded in 1947, ACM has 75, 000 members and has the objective of advancing the skills of computing professionals and students worldwide.
The ACM has 34 “special interest groups” (SIGs). The Special Interest Group on Management Information Systems (SIGMIS) promotes best-practice and research in the management of information systems and technologies and the use of these systems and technologies.
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63. The IEEE IEEE Computer Society (IEEE-CS) (http://computer.org/)
Founded in 1946, with nearly 100,000 members, it is the largest of the 36 societies of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
The Computer Society's vision is to be the leading provider of technical information and services to the world's computing professionals
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64. Certification
Certification is a voluntary process administered by a profession.
Why certification is an asset for Information Systems related careers?
A student having a certification is more marketable and earn higher salaries
Certification give employers a criterion for selecting the most capable employee to recruit
Employees who update their knowledge and skills through certification are more valuable employees because of the strength they bring to the job
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65. Certification programs
Currently there are many certification programs for various computing technologies in software, hardware, networking, system analysis and design. Most of the certifications are brand name certifications:
Oracle
SAP
Cisco
Java/Sun
Microsoft
Novell
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66. Licensing
Licensing is a process administered by a governmental authority to allow IS professionals to practice in their fields. Licensing requires in general:
Competency in IS Body Of Knowledge
Competency in professional issues related to IS
Code of ethics
Adhere to risk management guidelines
Personal and professional responsibility
Commitment to professional ongoing development
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67. Professional Conduct Professional competence and integrity
Social implications
Organization and leadership
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68. Professional Competence and Integrity
Continue to upgrade my professional knowledge and skills, and shall maintain awareness of technological developments, procedures and standards, which are relevant to my field.
Only offer to do work or provide a service within my professional competence and shall not claim any level of competence that I do not possess; any professional opinion which I am asked to give shall be objective and reliable.
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69. Social Implications
Increase my awareness of issues affecting the IT profession and its relationship with the community
Ensure that within my chosen fields, I have knowledge and understanding of relevant legislation, regulations and standards and that I comply with such requirements.
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70. Organisation and Leadership
Keep myself and subordinates informed of new technologies, practices, legal requirements and standards as are relevant to my duties
Encourage my colleagues, employees and students to continue their own professional development, and ensure that subordinates are:
trained in order to be effective in their duties
to qualify for increased responsibilities.
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71. Organisation & Leadership
Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the principles and limitations of IT and systems
Accept professional responsibility for my work and for the work of my subordinates and associates under my direction
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72. Summary Systems development team: Five phases of the traditional SDLC:
Stakeholders, users, managers, systems development specialists, and various support personnel
Five phases of the traditional SDLC:
Investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance and review
Prototyping:
An iterative development approach
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73. Summary (cont.) Investigation process: Systems analysis:
Initiated by a systems request form
Systems analysis:
The examination of existing systems
Purpose of systems design:
To prepare the detailed design needs for a new system or modifications to an existing system
Environmental design:
Involves systems development efforts that slash power consumption and take less physical space
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74. Summary (cont.) Purpose of systems implementation: Software:
To install a system and make everything, including users, ready for its operation
Software:
Can be purchased from external vendors or developed in house
Systems operation:
The use of a new or modified system
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75. Summary (cont.) Continuous Professional Development
Professional Societies
Certification and licensing
Professional conduct
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