Chapter 18 The Preschool Child

Chapter 18 The Preschool Child
Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Lesson 18.1 Objectives List the major developmental tasks of the preschool-age child. Describe the physical, psychosocial, and spiritual development of children from age 3 to 5 years, listing age-specific events and guidance when appropriate. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

General Characteristics (p. 420)
Preschool child is age 3 to 5 years Marked by Slowing of physical growth Mastering and refining of motor, social, and cognitive abilities Give an example of how a preschool child’s appearance differs from a toddler’s. In what ways has a preschool child refined his/her motor, social, and cognitive skills compared to a toddler? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

General Characteristics (cont.) (p. 420)
Major tasks of preschool-age child Preparation to enter school Development of a cooperative-type play Control of body functions Acceptance of separation Increase in communication skills Memory Attention span Give an example of cooperative play and how this prepares the child for elementary school. How does the preschool child’s memory and attention span differ from that of a toddler? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Physical Development (p. 420)
Doubles the 1-year-old weight by 5 years of age Between 3 and 6 years of age, grows taller and loses chubbiness from toddler age All 20 primary teeth have erupted Has good control of muscles Hand preference develops by 3 years of age More adept at using old skills as each year passes Give an example of how old skills become natural for the preschool child. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The 3-Year-Old (p. 422) Helpful and can assist in household chores
Temper tantrums less frequent Better able to direct primitive instincts Can help dress themselves, use the toilet, wash their hands, and eat independently Talk in longer sentences Able to express thoughts and ask questions Give examples of how the preschool child can assist the parent in the household. How can this age group function independently or assist in daily activities? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The 3-Year-Old (cont.) (p. 422)
Play in loosely associated groups Highly imaginative play Begin to lose interest in mother and prestige of the father begins Develop romantic attachment to parent of opposite gender Identify themselves with parent of same gender Give examples of a 3-year-old’s vocabulary. Discuss how the 3-year-old’s imagination is different from the school-age child’s. How might a 3-year-old display identification with a parent of the same sex? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Becomes angry when someone tries to take their possessions Resents being disturbed during play Are sensitive and feelings are easily hurt Has fear of bodily harm Describe a situation in which the nurse might have to manage the hurt feelings of a 3-year-old. Discuss how the nurse could help decrease the 3-year-old child’s fear of bodily harm while hospitalized Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The 4-Year-Old (p. 422) More aggressive
Eager to let others know they are superior Picks on playmates Boisterous, tattle on others Can use scissors with success Can tie their shoes Give an example of how a 4-year-old child might be more aggressive than a 3-year-old. What education could the nurse provide to parents in dealing with an aggressive 4-year-old who picks on other children? Give an example of how a 4-year-old might display superiority over peers. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Vocabulary has increased to about 1500 words Many feats done for a purpose Begin to prefer playing with friends of same gender Give examples of the typical vocabulary of a 4-year-old. Discuss types of achievements a 4-year-old might accomplish. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Concept of death Begin to wonder about death and dying Realize others die, but do not relate death to themselves Parents should reassure child that people do not generally die until they have lived a really long time Parents should encourage questions as they appear and help the child accept the truth about death without fear Discuss how 4-year-old children play scenarios in which death is a concept. Discuss how a parent might encourage or stimulate discussion so this child can discuss death or the fear of it. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The 5-Year-Old (p. 422) More responsible
Enjoys doing what is expected of them Has more patience Tends to want to finish what they have started Talks constantly Inquisitive What actions would indicate how a 5-year-old child is more responsible than a 4-year-old? Discuss how the 5-year-old is very talkative and how parents can deal with the constant chatter. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Plays games governed by rules Less fearful of environment Worries less profound May begin losing deciduous teeth Give an example of how a 5-year-old might react to rules of a game versus a 4-year-old child. In what ways is this age group less fearful of the environment? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Should be encouraged to develop motor skills, such as hammering a nail Should not be scorned for failure to meet adult standards Must learn to do tasks themselves for the experience to be satisfying Give examples of other skills a 5-year-old might be encouraged to accomplish. How might a parent discuss the failure of a desired skill attempted by a 5-year-old? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Lesson 18.2 Objectives Describe the development of the preschool child in relation to Piaget’s, Erikson’s, and Kohlberg’s theories of development. Describe the speech development of the preschool child. Discuss the development of positive bedtime habits. Discuss one method of introducing the concept of death to a preschool child. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Cognitive Development (p. 421)
Piaget calls this preoperational phase Has two phases Preconceptual occurs in the 2- to 4-year-old child Intuitive thought occurs in 5- to 7-year-old child Increasing development of language and symbolic functioning Egocentric, as they have difficulty seeing any point of view other than their own Animism and artificialism Give an example of symbolic functioning. Discuss the typical vocabulary for a preschool child. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Cognitive Development (cont.) (p. 421)
Piaget’s intuitive thought stage Occurs in the 4- to 7-year-old child Prelogical thinking Experience and logic are based on outside appearance Distinct characteristic is centering Tendency to concentrate on a single outstanding characteristic of an object and exclude other features Discuss prelogical thinking. What is centering? Give an example of how the preschool child will exclude other features of an object while focusing on one outstanding aspect of that object. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Effects of Cultural Practices (p. 421)
Can influence the development of a sense of initiative Parents and older siblings model language development Give an example of how culture affects the sense of initiative. How is a preschool child’s language development affected by those in the family? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Language Development (p. 421)
Delays or problems can be caused by Physiological Psychological Environmental stressors Includes both the understanding of language and the expression of language Give an example of physiological, psychological, and environmental factors that can cause developmental delays. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Not Talking: A Clinical Classification (p. 423)
Ask students to give other examples of what a parent or family member might say for each of the following classifications: Articulation Expressive language delay Global language delay Language disorder Language loss Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Sexual Curiosity (p. 424) Nurses should use the following principles of teaching and learning common to other patients Give an example of how the nurse could assist the parents in discussing sexual education for their child. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Sexual Curiosity (cont.) (p. 424)
Assess knowledge base of child Assess what specific information the child is seeking Be honest and accurate Use correct terminology Provide sex education at the time the child asks the questions Parents must understand that sexual curiosity starts as an inquiry into anatomical differences Give an example of an honest and accurate conversation between a nurse and preschool child that is appropriate for the child’s level. Provide an example of terminology a nurse might use when discussing sexual curiosity with the preschool child. In what situation might a preschool child ask questions regarding his or her anatomical differences? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Sexual Curiosity (cont.) (p. 424)
Preschool children are as matter-of-fact about sexual investigation as they are about any other leaning experience and are easily distracted by other activities May be displayed in the form of masturbation Considered harmless if the child is outgoing, sociable, and not preoccupied with the activity Assure parents that this behavior is normal Give an example of how a nurse or parent might distract a preschool child who is constantly touching his or her private parts. How can the nurse help parents understand and deal with this milestone in their child’s development? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Bedtime Habits (p. 424) Engage child in quiet activities before bedtime Establish and maintain specific rituals that signal bedtime readiness Attention-getting behavior that results in taking the child into the parent’s bed should be discouraged Rewards the attention-getting behavior and defeats the objectives of the bedtime ritual Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Physical, Mental, Emotional and Social Development (pp. 424-425)
The 3-year-old Parallel play Associative play Able to begin helping with household chores Begins to lose some interest in the mother and father’s prestige increases Fear of loss of body parts or harm is unique to this age Becomes angry when others try to take what they believe to be “theirs” Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The 4-year-old More aggressive, likes to show off newly acquired skills Can use scissors, tie their shoe laces Vocabulary up to 1500 words More interested in raw materials than a ready-made toy Stories with simple plots are interesting Concept of death becomes more real, answer questions to help to accept the truth without undue fear Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The 5-year-old More responsible, less dependent on parents for bathing, dressing Talks a lot, questions many things, seeks answers Can rid a tricycle, use simple tools such as a hammer (with adult supervision) Better comprehension of computer games and television, moderate time doing both Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Lesson 18.3 Objectives Discuss the value of the following: time-out periods, consistency, role modeling, and rewards. Discuss the approach to problems such as enuresis, thumb-sucking, and sexual curiosity in the preschool child. Designate two toys suitable for the preschool child, and provide the rationale for each choice. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Guidance: Discipline and Limit-Setting (p. 426)
Children need limits for their behavior Teach and gradually shift control from parents to child Self-discipline or self-control Timing the time-out 1 minute per year of age, no interaction or eye contact during Reward Don’t confuse with bribes Encourage positive behavior Consistency and modeling significantly influences behaviors Limits make children feel secure, protect them from danger, and relieve them from decisions that they are too young to make. How do limits make children feel secure? Discuss how limits and self-discipline differ from each other and the parent’s role in each. How do rewards differ from bribes? Discuss how modeling by the parent affects the child. Parents should establish a general style for discipline. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Jealousy (p. 427) Normal response to actual, supposed, or threatened loss of affection Jealousy of a new sibling strongest in children under 5 years May revert to behaviors seen at an earlier age May be aggressive, bite, or pinch Tends to be seen less in an “only” child Children should feel they are helping with the care of their sibling How would a child display jealousy? Discuss how a parent might address a preschool child who is displaying jealousy. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Thumb-sucking (p. 428) Instinctual behavioral pattern
Finger- or thumb-sucking will not have a detrimental effect on the teeth as long as the habit is discontinued before the permanent teeth erupt The child who is trying to stop thumb-sucking is given praise and encouragement May regress during periods of stress or fatigue Discuss regression. How can a parent effectively discourage thumb sucking? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Enuresis (Bedwetting) (p. 428)
Primary The child has never been dry Secondary Bedwetting recurrence in a child who has been dry for a period of 1 year or more More common in boys than girls Organic causes Urinary tract infection Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Seizures Obstructive uropathy Abnormalities of urinary tract Sleep disorders What organic causes can bring about enuresis? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Enuresis (Bedwetting) (cont.) (p. 428)
Treatment and nursing care Data collection Pattern of wetting Number of times per night or week Number of daytime voidings Type of stream Dysuria Amount of fluid taken between dinner and bedtime Family history Stress Medications Developmental landmarks, including toilet training Discuss information the nurse would collect regarding family history, stress, medications, and developmental milestones. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Enuresis (Bedwetting) (cont.) (p. 428)
Child needs to be center of management program Liquids should be limited after dinner Child should void before going to bed Treatment options Counseling Hypnosis Behavior modification Pharmacotherapy Bladder training exercises to stretch and increase the bladder size What might the child contribute to manage his or her enuresis? Discuss behavior modification and bladder training exercises. Discuss medications that can help with enuresis. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Lesson 18.4 Objectives Describe the developmental characteristics that predispose the preschool child to certain accidents, and suggest methods of prevention for each type of accident. Discuss the characteristics of a good preschool. Discuss the value of play in the life of a preschool child. Explain the use of therapeutic play with a handicapped child. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Preschool (p. 429) Preschool programs Child gains
Structured activities Foster group cooperation The development of coping skills Child gains Self-confidence Positive self-esteem if in a good program Discuss types of group activities that would promote cooperation among preschool children. What are examples of a positive or negative program and how it can affect a child’s self-esteem? Discuss the preschool accreditation program standards found at Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Daily Care (p. 429) Does not require extensive physical care but still needs to bathe each day and shampoo hair at least twice a week Clothing should be loose enough to prevent restriction of movement, washable; sturdy and supportive shoes Discuss how a nurse or parent can provide education at a preschool child’s level so the child understands the importance of hygiene on a daily basis. Provide examples of restrictive versus nonrestrictive clothing. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Accident Prevention (pp. 429-430)
Accidents are a major threat for 3- to 5-year-olds Car safety is essential Burns occur due to child’s experimentation Poisoning can occur due to increased freedom and access to items within the environment Child should be taught about the dangers of talking to or getting in the car with strangers, as well as the dangers of playing in secluded areas Indirect supervision necessary due to poor judgment Discuss methods parents or caregivers could institute to minimize accidents for this population. In what situations could children become victims of predators? Give an example of indirect supervision. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Play in Health and Illness (p. 430)
Value of play Important to physical, mental, emotional, and social development Increases communication with other children The nurse’s role Important to include in the child’s plan of care Factors to consider State of health Overstimulation and fatigue Diagnosis should be considered when choosing toys for the child Give examples of situations in which the child might not visit the playroom or interact with others while in the hospital environment. What are appropriate toys for the preschool-age child? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Types of Play (p. 431) Should be noncompetitive
Helps the child adjust to an expanding world and increased independence Discuss education for parents or methods the nurse can institute so play is not competitive between children. In what ways is play important to the physical, psychosocial, and emotional development of the preschool child? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Nursing Tip (p. 431) Imaginary playmates are common and normal during the preschool period and serve many purposes, such as relief from loneliness, mastery of feats, and a “scapegoat” Give examples of how the nurse might interact with a preschool child who is interacting with an imaginary playmate. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Consider mental and not chronological age
Play and the Child with a Neurodevelopmental, Sensory or Motor Disorder (p. 431) Mentally disabled child needs more stimulation through play than the child who is not impaired Consider mental and not chronological age Play needs to be supervised due to poorer judgment and potential for aggressive behavior Repetition of play experiences is necessary Discuss why the handicapped child requires more stimulation through play versus a nonimpaired child. Give examples of situations in which mental age differs from chronological age and how the nurse can manage these children. How does repetitive play affect the handicapped child? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Therapeutic Play (p. 432) Helps to Other types of play Retrain muscles
Improve eye-hand coordination Help children to crawl and walk Other types of play Play therapy Used when child is under stress Art therapy Child can express feelings and communicate with others through drawings Give situations and examples of how therapeutic play can help rehabilitate or enhance development in the child. How can the nurse incorporate play therapy into the plan of care? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Play Therapy (p. 432) Used for children under stress Playroom provider
Sometimes a counselor is in attendance Helps child to “play out their fears” Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Art Therapy (p. 432) Means of communications between the child and the adult Used to express feelings and communicate through drawing, clay modeling or other forms of art media Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Nursing Implications of Preschool Growth and Development (p. 432)
Provide parental guidance concerning the changing behavior patterns of the preschool-age child The use of time-outs and alternative methods of discipline should be stressed Hospitalization can be frightening May perceive hospitalization as a form of punishment Child may feel abandoned Separation anxiety is manifested by Stages of protest, despair, detachment, and regression to earlier behaviors Discuss the stages of separation anxiety and how the nurse can assist the child to transition through anxiety. How can the nurse address and inform the child’s parents about management of separation anxiety? Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Nursing Implications of Preschool Growth and Development (cont. ) (p
Important nursing assessment includes observing the child What is the child’s approach to play? Does the child join in freely or linger outside the group? Does the child prefer active or quiet activities? Can the child talk with his or her playmates and convey ideas? What type of attention span does the child have? Discuss the nurse’s rationale for obtaining information about how the preschool child interacts socially. Elsevier items and derived items © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter 18 The Preschool Child

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 18 The Preschool Child"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Chapter 18 The Preschool Child

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 18 The Preschool Child"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback