1. The Historical and Biographical Lenses
What They Are, Why They’re Important and How to Apply Them

2. Historical
By examining the times and culture the author was immersed in, we can better understand their work
A historical lens is necessary to fully understand allusions

3. New Historicism Views history as subjective, rather than objective
Gained momentum in the 1970’s, and championed perspective as the defining characteristic of most historical works – i.e., winners write history
To use a metaphor, everyone’s lens is differently colored and therefore they may see the same thing in a different light

4. Biographical View work as the product of an author’s life
By examining the author’s life, it is easy to track their influences and what circumstances birthed certain ideas
However, some believe this style of examining work makes everything relative rather than universal

5. Questions to Ask When Examining a Work Historically:
When did this person live?
What events were occurring at the time that
they may have been influenced by?
Was there a purpose to their work at the time?

6. Questions to Ask When Examining a Work With the New Historicism Lens:
What was this person’s role in the political,
social or cultural happenings of their time?
Were any biases prevalent at the time
that may have influenced their thinking?

7. How was this person raised?
Questions to Ask When Examining a Work Through a Biographical Perspective:
How was this person raised?
Did they suffer through any kind of tragedy or struggle?
What were their personal beliefs?
What age/stage of life were they in when they wrote the work?

8. But you don’t want…
PRESENTISM!!!!

9. Example #1 Jack and Jill went up the hill To fetch a pail of water
Jack fell down and broke his crown
And Jill came tumbling after

10. More Complicated Examples
The Catcher in the Rye
“Once More to the Lake”

11. The Catcher in the Rye Biographical:
Parallels between Salinger and Holden Caulfield
Historical:
McCarthy’s communist attacks

12. White’s firsthand experience
Once More to the Lake
Biographical:
White’s firsthand experience
Historical:
World War II