1. Chapter 20: The Atlantic World

2. Chapter 20 Overview

3. Section 1: Spain Builds an American Empire
Background: Competition for wealth among Europeans + Exposure to “cool stuff” from the “East” via Silk Roads and Crusades + improvements in sailing + Arabic inventions (astrolabe) + Prince Henry the Navigator’s School for Sailors + interest in cartography + wealth + new thinking from Renaissance =
Era of Exploration

4. Christopher Columbus
Approach Isabella and Ferdinand (of Spain) shortly after Moors had been kicked out by the Reconquesta
Perfect timing!
Isabella provided backing for initial voyages, and the 3 voyages afterwards
“I’ll sail to Asia and open up trade with the Indies.”
Well…got to the Caribbean instead.
“In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…”.

5. The Three G’s Gold Glory God
Early explorers and conquistadors interested in just 3 things:
Gold
Glory
God
(In that order!)
Columbus’s 2nd voyage provided a means to establish an empire
Abused local natives
Established colonies throughout Caribbean
Later conquistadors came with Columbus on these voyages

6. Other Explorers
Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portugal): Brazil and claimed it for Portugal in 1500
Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494, Spain and Portugal divide new world
Ferdinand Magellan
Circumnavigated the globe, proving:
It could be done (sailing around the world)
You could get “East” by sailing West
The natives on the Philippines are nasty
This trading thing is very, very profitable!

7. Hernando Cortez and the Aztecs
Became a conquistador
Heard of Aztecs
Landed on Carib. shore
Found locals to help him
Arrived in year 1 Reed—pale faced and with a beard!
How able to conquer an empire of millions with about 600 men and some native allies?!?!
“Luck”, diseases, superior weapons, legend, horses, native allies

8. Francisco Pizarro and the Inca
Pizarro and 200 men ambushed Atahualpa and 30,000 men!
Again, superior weapons, disease (small pox had already come prior to Spaniards even showing up), horses, etc.
Kidnapped Atahualpa, held him for ransom—then killed him anyway

9. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
By mid 16th C., had “New Spain” in Mexico, etc., and “Peru” in Ctrl/So. America
Regional capitals
Local governors
Imposed culture among natives
Intermarried  mestizo population
Converted to Catholicism
Encomienda system—forced labor from Native Americans
Natives resisted, ran away, etc. (And many just died!) Worked on plantations, mines, etc.

10. Spain’s Influence Expands
Spain becoming very rich
Built a huge navy (or armada) to protect ships
Expand to (modern) United States
Send explorers throughout SW, southern Plains
Coronado explored 9 different states
Looking for the “Cities of Cibola”
Found the Grand Canyon instead
Priests went everywhere
Established colonies, churches, etc.
Priests did much of the colonizing in New Mexico, which became HQ for Church in New World

11. Opposition to Spanish Rule
Harsh rule, many abuses of natives (and even mestizos)
Harsh, rigid social system—if you weren’t born in Europe, you were “nothing”
Some natives rebelled; objecting to harsh rule and culture being destroyed
Priests started to be concerned
Bartolomé de Las Casas suggested using Africans for labor instead
Why Africans? New to area (won’t run away), “stronger”, and have “some immunity” to Old World diseases; plus, just running out of natives!
 Importation of African slaves began

12. In Brazil… Cabral claimed land for Portugal in 1500
1530’s…colonial period began
Little minerals, so grew sugar instead
Made Portugal very rich
Also fell into slavery, and imported more slaves than all other areas in the New World combined
Rigid social class system like Spanish areas

13. Section 2: European Nations Settle North Amer.
New France:
Who? Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, Sieur de la Salle
Why? Establish trade, esp. providing furs; not necessarily inhabiting the lands, but just “using”
Where? Originally up the St. Lawrence River
Important dates: 1534: Cartier (St. Law Ri)
1608: Champlain founded Quebec, claimed “New France”
1673: Marquette and Joliet: Upper Mississippi Ri.

14. English Arrive Who? Male settlers, Pilgrims, Puritans
Why? Religious freedom; start a new life
Where? “New England”, VA, MA
Important dates:
1607: Jamestown: $ $ $ All men. By 1620, women and slaves have arrived. Tobacco.
1620: Plymouth: Pilgrims and “Strangers”
1630: Mass. Bay Colony: Puritans
1763: French and Indian War open way for English to inhabit most of North America

15. Dutch Are Next Who? Henry Hudson, others
Why? Trade; searching for NW Passage
Where? Hudson River; Manhattan Island
Important dates:
1609: Hudson River
1621: New Netherlands established
Kicked out by English between

16. Native Americans React and Revolt
French and Dutch had decent relationships, but English did not
Various “Indian Wars” throughout 13 English Colonies
Many fall to disease, loss of resources, kicked farther west
Small pox, others

17. Section 3: The Atlantic Slave Trade
Was already an established business in Africa
Section 3: The Atlantic Slave Trade
Muslims transport about 17 mil. Africans to No. Africa and SW Asia
Portuguese explore Africa
Spain and Portugal colonize Americas; began enslaving Africans *300,000 Africans
Atlantic slave trade grows dramatically under Spain and Portugal *1.3 million!
1690 England increases Atlantic slave trade
1870 Atlantic slave trade ends

18. Triangular Trade Route http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY
20% would die, tossed overboard

19. Slavery in the Americas
Conditions
Horrible!
Field, forests, rice paddies, mines, houses
Beatings, starvation
Lifelong and hereditary
Some masters okay, but others were ruthless
Resistance, Rebellion, and How to Cope
Keep African culture alive
Stories, music
Would be less productive; sabotage efforts
Ran away
Armed revolts/Uprisings

20. Consequences of Slave Trade
In Africa
Lost generations of people
Families torn apart
Introduced guns, encouraged violence among African peoples
In America (all)
Contributed labor
Assured some colonies would succeed and prosper
Brought culture, which mixed with natives + Euros
Many nations today are predominantly African-American

22. Section 4: The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, etc. from Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) to New World (Americas)
Not all good…not all bad.
Forever changed life for almost everyone on the whole planet!
Brought the extinction of many cultural groups of Native Americans.
Most important (positive) exchanges?
From East to West: livestock, bananas, wheat
From West to East: potato, corn

24. Global trade New sources of wealth Rise of capitalism
Economic system based on private ownership and investment as a way to make money
Profits! Reinvestment! Etc.
Increase in money supply
Inflation
Joint-Stock Companies
Like a corporation—investors pool money (buy shares) in hopes of getting a profit
Reduces individual financial risk
Popular way to “pay” for colonization

25. Mercantilism (boo! hiss!)
“Colonies exist for the sole purpose of making money for the mother country.”
Provides raw materials
Forced to buy finished products (but from factories in mother country)
It’s good for the mother country, if:
There’s lots of gold and silver, or
There’s a favorable balance of trade.
Goal: Become self-sufficient (off of your colonies) to eliminate need for trade with other “imperial powers”
Spain
England