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10/22 Focus The Chinese Civilization developed in the Huang He and Yangtze river valleys Geography isolated the Chinese culture more than it did other civilizations Do Now What was the Neolithic Revolution? Why did people settle in river valleys?
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Neolithic Revolution in China
Farming in China first appears in the Huang He River Valley Favorable geographic conditions allowed for the development of civilization
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Geography Major Geographic Influences Mountains Deserts River Valleys
Plains
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Mountains High mountains served a barrier to the movement of people
Himalayas in the West separate China from India
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Deserts Gobi Desert Large desert in the North
Forms a barrier between China and Mongolia Very Rocky; few sand dunes
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Deserts Taklamakan Desert Western China Very difficult to cross
Taklamakan meant “Go in and you won’t come out” “Sea of Death”
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Effect of Natural Barriers
Mountains and deserts in China: protection from invasions in the west Isolation Chinese civilizations developed without outside influences Limited cultural diffusion Ethnocentrism The belief in the superiority of one’s race or ethnic group Chinese believed that people outside of their world were inferior Chinese viewed outsiders as barbarians
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The Middle Kingdom Had limited contact with outsiders
Believed China was the center of the world
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River Valleys The Huang He (Yellow River)
Flows to the east from Tibetan Plateau Located in Northern China Loess Fine, dusty desert soil Carried by winds and deposited in the river Deposited by annual flooding Created fertile flood plains Flooding was unpredictable and could be very destructive Cooler and drier climate Wheat and other grains
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River Valleys Yangtze (Chang Jiang) Flows east from Tibetan Plateau
Located in southern China Warm climate with abundant rainfall
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Plains Importance of fertile plains
Only 11% of land in China can be farmed 90% of farming occurs on plains between Huang He and Yangtze rivers Most people live near the plains and in eastern China (along coast)
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Closure Identify the two major natural barriers that influenced the development of Chinese civilization. How did these barriers influence the Chinese view of themselves and other groups?
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Review China is isolated by its geography.
This leads to Ethnocentrism – they thought that they were better than other people This is why they called themselves the Middle Kingdom and considered others to be barbarians.
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The Shang Dynasty 1650 B.C. Shang gain control of N. China Government
Ruled by Kings Establish first dynasty A ruling family
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The Shang Dynasty Religion Polytheistic Worshiped ancestors
Used oracle bones to try to communicate with them Bones inscribed with pictographs Priests could read them for messages from ancestors Offered ancestors gifts for the afterlife
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The Shang Dynasty written language
used pictograms symbols that represent pictures Ideograms symbols that represent ideas. used on the Oracle Bones, but only few people learned how to read and write
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The Shang Dynasty Early class systems
small warrior class ruling over the peasants Patriarchal Society Male dominated
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The Shang Dynasty Technology/Achievements/Developments:
Bronze production for weapons and ceremonial vessels (not tools) Army had horse drawn chariots Silk production Irrigation systems
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10/29 Focus Conflicts during the Warring States Period at the end of the Zhou Dynasty led many people to question the nature of society and people’s role in it. The effort to make sense of the chaos led to the creation of new Chinese philosophies Do Now: Describe one effect that the Silk Roads had on ancient China
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Major Philosophies of China
Confucianism Legalism Taoism
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The Warring States Period
Warfare broke out between nobles at the end of Zhou dynasty Led to period of upheaval and chaos led people to think about the best way to restore: Social order Harmony Respect for authority
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Confucius 551 BC- 479 BC Known as Kongfuzi
Chinese teacher and philosopher Philosopher A person who offers theories or ideas on “big questions” Developed a theory of how to establish stability in China
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Confucianism Confucius believed that: People are naturally good
People should treat each other humanely Importance of education in creating good, stable government Need for educated civil servants Individual must find and accept their proper place in society
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Confucianism Believed society should be organized around five basic relationships Ruler -----Subject Father-----Son Husband----Wife Older Brother----Younger Brother Friend----Friend
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The Five Relationships
Example: Rulers should practice kindness and virtuous living Subjects should be loyal and law abiding Stressed importance of: Family Filial Piety Children should respect their parents and elders Worship ancestors Patriarchal society Education
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Major Principles of Confucianism
Li --> Rite, rules, how you should act in a community Ren --> humaneness for others; helping others Shu --> Reciprocity, empathy Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you. Yi --> Righteousness and morality Xiao --> Filial Piety (Respect your parents and elders)
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The Analects Book containing Confucius thoughts on how to improve society Became the basis for Chinese civil service exams and bureaucracy Government workers
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Confucian Temple Complex
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Significance of Confucianism
Cornerstone of Chinese tradition and culture Adopted by most Chinese preserved patriarchal society Spread to areas that were under China’s control or influence Korea and Vietnam
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10/30 Focus: The Qin adopted the philosophy of legalism and used it to maintain strict control of the Chinese population Lao Tzu encouraged people to seek a balance with nature by following the Taoist philosophy Do Now: Filial Piety was one of Confucius’s main teachings . What is filial piety?
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Legalism Founded by Han Feizi
Lived during the Warring States period Became the political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty
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Principles of Legalism
Human nature is naturally selfish; humans are by nature evil Rulers needed to be strong and govern through force Laws must be strict and based on rewards and punishments to maintain order Supported harsh penalties Branding and mutilation for minor crimes
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Principles of Legalism
Placed little value on education should be controlled by government Ideas needed to be strictly controlled Rulers should burn all writings that are critical of the government War is needed to strengthen the rulers power
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Daoism Founded by Lao Zi Began during the Warring States Period
Stressed importance of balance in nature Yin Yang
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The Universe of Opposites:
Yin Masculine Active Light Warmth Strong Heaven; Sun Feminine Passive Darkness Cold Weak Earth; Moon Yang
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Daoism “The Way” The Tao
A universal life force that is present in nature Guides all things Human understanding of nature and harmony achieved by following “the way”
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Daoism Believed that education and politics are not necessary for harmony Natural flow of events would solve problems Rely on senses and instincts Stressed importance of individuals and less government
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The Question How do we best achieve social order and harmony in society?? Confucianism --> Moral order in society. Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order. Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and less govt. to avoid uniformity and conformity.
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