1. Kinds of Verbs
3-1
P. 100

2. The key word in the predicate is the verb.
As you know, every sentence has two parts, the subject and the predicate.
The key word in the predicate is the verb.
The verb tells what the subject of the sentence is, has, does, or feels.
Burt works at the park.
He trims the trees.
He loves his job.
He paints the benches.

3. Action Verbs
Most verbs are action verbs. Some action verbs refer to physical action that can be seen by other people.
Others refer to mental action that cannot be seen.
Physical Action: The gardener feeds the ducks.
Mental Action: She likes the migrating birds best.

4. Being Verbs Other verbs express a state of being.
These verbs do not refer to action of any sort. They simply tell what the subject is.
Burt is the gardener’s assistant.
He seems afraid of the swans.
One swan looks angry.
In fact, swans are hungry.

5. The most common being verbs are forms of be itself.Am is
Are
Was
Were Be
Being
been

6. Other being verbs: Appear Become Feel Grow Look Seem Remain Smell
Sound
Stay
taste

7. Identify each verb in the sentences below
Identify each verb in the sentences below. Does it express action or being?
Try it Out, pg. 112
Ed fed the seedlings.
The plants became bushy
The pumpkins looked ripe.
Ed picked a pumpkin
Iris dreamed of pumpkins
Ed hoped for more pumpkins
The squash was ripe too.
They put it into their basket

8. Try it Out, pg. 112
Ed fed the seedlings. Physical action
The plants became bushy Being
The pumpkins looked ripe. Being
Ed picked a pumpkin Physical Action
Iris dreamed of pumpkins Mental Action
Ed hoped for more pumpkins Mental Action
The squash was ripe too. Being
They put it into their basket Physical Action

9. Linking Verbs All linking verbs are being verbs.
A verb that expresses a state of being often functions as a linking verb.
A linking verb links, or connects, the subject with a noun or an adjective in the predicate that names or describes the subject.
Peanut is a toad.
Peanut is tiny.

10. Some verbs can function as either linking verbs or action verbs.
The lily pond smells stagnant.
The squirrel smells its food.
The gardener felt tired.
She felt the tree’s thick leaves.

11. Deciphering linking verbs
To help you decide whether one of these verbs is a linking verb, try substituting is or are for the verb. If the sentence still makes sense, the verb is probably a linking verb.
The pigeons look comical. (The pigeons are comical)
The swan’s hiss sounds fierce. (The swan’s hiss is fierce)
You can also think of linking verbs as equal signs
Ex. Pepper is a spice
Pepper=Spice

12. Which sentence in each of the following pairs contains a linking verb.
1. A monkey appears from behind a tree. It appears excited.
2. The young deer grew taller. The male deer grew antlers.
3. The koala baby looks cute. It looks for its mother.
4. The koala tastes a leaf. Does it taste good?
5. We smell the eucalyptus tree. It smells pleasant.
6. We feel the tree’s bark. It feels smooth.

13. 1. A monkey appears from behind a tree. It appears excited.
2. The young deer grew taller. The male deer grew antlers.
3. The koala baby looks cute. It looks for its mother.
4. The koala tastes a leaf. Does it taste good?
5. We smell the eucalyptus tree. It smells pleasant.
6. We feel the tree’s bark. It feels smooth.

14. List the verbs in the sentences below. Label each verb action or being.
7. Photographs, television, and movies show us a variety of unusual creatures.
8. We can see animals in their natural habitat in national parks, nature sanctuaries, or even city parks.
9. Few animals look strange to us today.
10. Some animals still seem unusual, however.
11. The anteater is one example.
12. The head and snout of this animal form a long tube.
13. A giant anteater becomes six feet long.
14. It grows a coarse coat of hair.
15. The front toes and claws of the anteater fold under.
16. The animal actually walks on its knuckles.

15. 8. We can see animals in their natural habitat in national parks,
7. Photographs, television, and movies show us a variety of unusual creatures Action
8. We can see animals in their natural habitat in national parks,
Action
nature sanctuaries, or even city parks.
9. Few animals look strange to us today.
Being
10. Some animals still seem unusual, however.
11. The anteater is one example.
12. The head and snout of this animal form a long tube.
13. A giant anteater becomes six feet long.
14. It grows a coarse coat of hair.
15. The front toes and claws of the anteater fold under.
16. The animal actually walks on its knuckles.

16. List the verbs in the sentences below. Label each verb action or being.
27. The giant anteater usually appears shy.
28. It enjoys dark, wet tropical forests.
29. Ants and termites appear in this animal’s diet.
30. The anteater is a peaceful animal.

17. List the verbs in the sentences below. Label each verb action or being.
27. The giant anteater usually appears shy.
Being
28. It enjoys dark, wet tropical forests.
Action
29. Ants and termites appear in this animal’s diet.
30. The anteater is a peaceful animal.

18. Creating Verbs To form tenses of verbs, you use principal parts.
Base form
jump
Present Participle:
add –ing to the base form
Must use a form of the helping verb “be”
is jumping
Past: add –ed or –d to the verb
Jumped
If it is one-syllable and ends in a single consonant, double the final consonant before adding –ing or –ed.
Chop to Chopping or Chopped
For verbs that end with e, drop the e before adding –ing or add a -d
Type to Typing or Typed
Past Participle
Use a form of the helping verb have
has jumped

19. Simple Tenses Present Past Future
For situations that exist now, for repeated actions
She walks daily.
They walk daily
Past
For situations that occurred in the past
Yesterday she walked.
Yesterday they walked.
Future
For situations that will occur in the future
Later she will walk.
Later they will walk.

20. Perfect Tenses Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
For something that took place in the past and still may be going on
Has, have rehearsed
Past Perfect
For something that took place before something else in the past
Had rehearsed
Future Perfect
For something that will take place before something else in the future
Will have rehearsed

21. Reviewing Verb Tenses
© 2001 by Ruth Luman
References

22. Verb Tense Review The Importance of Time
Verb tense expresses the time of an event or action. Time and how it is expressed in writing is very important to English readers. The English language has twelve different tenses. In this lesson, we will review the meaning of each verb tense.

23. The Present Progressive
This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now (at this moment, today, this year, etc.). The action has begun and is still in progress.
She is typing a paper for her class.
He can’t talk. He is fixing the sink right now.

24. The Present Progressive
The present progressive can also be used to describe an action that is occurring in the present, but is temporary.
John is living in Modesto, but he might move soon.

25. The Past Progressive
The past progressive is used to talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past. The emphasis is on the duration of the activity in the past.
I was studying for an exam while my mother was cooking dinner.
We were walking in the park around 7 p.m. last night.

26. The Past Progressive
The past progressive is often used with the simple past to show that one action was in progress when another action occurred.
I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.
They were eating dinner when the neighbors stopped by for a visit.

27. The Future Progressive I will be teaching ESL 40 at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
This tense is used to describe an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point in the future.
at 10 a.m. tomorrow
by the time you arrive
I will be teaching ESL 40 at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
They will be moving their furniture out of the house by the time you arrive tomorrow.

28. Present Perfect Progressive
This tense is used to describe the duration of an action that began in the past and continues into the present.
He has been studying grammar for an hour.
She has been cooking all day.
(He is still studying and she is still cooking.)

29. Present Perfect Progressive
This tense is also used to describe events that have been in progress recently and are rather temporary.
She has been living in Taiwan for the last two months, but she plans to move soon.

30. Past Perfect Progressive she found the right office
This tense is used to emphasize the duration of an action that was completed before another action or event in the past.
had been driving
she found the right office
She had been driving around the city for three hours before she finally found the right office.

31. Future Perfect Progressive
This tense describes an action that has been in progress for a duration of time before another event or time in the future.
finishes law school
will have been living in the U.S. for eight years
By the time he finishes law school, we will have been living in the U.S. for eight years.

32. Transitive/Intransitive Verbs

33. Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs “transfer” the action verb to someone or something.
Ask yourself if the sentence answers the question “Who” or “What”.
If it does than the sentence has a transitive verb
The mechanic watched the driver.
The mechanic watched who? The driver
The driver unlocked the cab.
The drive unlocked what? The cab

34. Intransitive Verbs All linking/being verbs are intransitive
Sentence that have intransitive verbs do NOT answer the questions, “who?” or “what?”.
Intransitive verbs often answers the questions “how?”, “when?”, or “where?”.
The driver drove away.
Drove where? Away
The truck ran smoothly.
The truck ran how? Smoothly
However, many times you do not have an answer to any question, and the sentence ends after the intransitive verbs.
The driver continued.
The girl ran.

35. Steps to figuring it out
Ask yourself if it is an action/linking verb.
If linking, you know it is a intransitive verb
If action, ask what yourself what question does the sentence answer.
“Who?” or “What?” = Transitive verb
“Where?”, “When,” or “How,” = Intransitive verb

36. Try It Out, pg. 138 1-9 Transitive or Intransitive?
First, Win Fai put some tape on the wall.
He gently hammered a nail into the tape.
The picture felt heavy to him.
He attached strong wire to the back of the picture frame.
Finally, he lowered the picture over the nail.
Wing Fai stepped back from the picture.
It looked a little crooked to him.
He pushed the corner of the picture frame down slightly.
Finally, the picture appeared level.

37. Answers First, Win Fai put some tape on the wall. Transitive
He gently hammered a nail into the tape. Transitive
The picture felt heavy to him. Intransitive
He attached strong wire to the back of the picture frame. Transitive
Finally, he lowered the picture over the nail. Transitive
Wing Fai stepped back from the picture. Intransitive
It looked a little crooked to him. Intransitive
He pushed the corner of the picture frame down slightly. Transitive
Finally, the picture appeared level. Intransitive

38. On Your Own, pg. 138-39, 10-21 Underline the verb phrase and label it transitive or intransitive
The damage to the road had occurred over a week ago.
Ruts and holes in the road had disrupted traffic for several days.
People in the neighborhood called the city highway departments.
Some people were angry about the road’s condition.
Drivers moved slowly around the deep ruts in the road.
One man could not exit his driveway because of the damage.
A road crew arrived at the washed-out part of the road.
The workers shoveled dirt into the uneven places.
At lunchtime they ate their sandwiches under nearby trees.
Several hours of work remained for the crew.
Lightly at first, the rain began again.
They worked in the rain during the late afternoon.

39. Answers to On Your Own, pg. 138-39, 10-21
The damage to the road had occurred over a week ago. Intransitive
Ruts and holes in the road had disrupted traffic for several days. Transitive
People in the neighborhood called the city highway departments. Transitive
Some people were angry about the road’s condition. Intransitive
Drivers moved slowly around the deep ruts in the road. Intransitive
One man could not exit his driveway because of the damage. Transitive
A road crew arrived at the washed-out part of the road. Intransitive
The workers shoveled dirt into the uneven places. Transitive
At lunchtime they ate their sandwiches under nearby trees. Transitive
Several hours of work remained for the crew. Intransitive
Lightly at first, the rain began again. Intransitive
They worked in the rain during the late afternoon. Intransitive

40. Direct/Indirect Objects

41. Direct Objects Is required by transitive verbs
Is the receiver of the action
The dragonfly has four fragile wings.
Always a noun or pronoun
Answers the question whom? or what?
The dragonfly has what? Wings
There can be more than one direct object in a sentence– they can be compound
Dragonflies eat mosquitoes and other insects.

42. Indirect Objects
Sometimes transitive verbs have two kinds of objects. The direct object receives the action, and the indirect object tells who or what was affected by the action.
Ex. I showed Vince the fireflies.
Only sentences with direct objects can have indirect objects.
To find the indirect object, you first have to do the following.
Find the verb.
Transitive or Intransitive?
If transitive, what is the direct object?
Then does the sentence answer the question, to whom or to what?

43. Rules of Indirect Objects
1. It has to be a noun or pronoun.
a. It always comes before the direct object.
Verb Indirect Object Direct Object
2. Answers the question to or for whom? or to or from what?
a. If “to” or “for” comes before a noun, it is not an indirect object.
I showed the fireflies to Vince. (No indirect object)
The fireflies gave a show for us. (No indirect object)
Why? Doesn’t follow above pattern
3. Like direct objects, indirect objects can be compound.
The fireflies gave Vince and me a good show.

44. Subject-Verb Agreement

45. Singular/Plural Subjects
The verb must agree with its subject in number.
Use a singular verb with a singular subject.
The kitten plays.
The dog barks.
Use a plural verb with a plural subject.
The kittens play.
The dogs bark.

46. Compound Subjects
A compound subject may have a singular or a plural verb, depending on the conjunction you use.
Using “and” to join the parts of speech, use a plural verb.
Shrews, moles, and toads, eat insects.
A mole and a toad were in my garden last night.
Using, “or,” “not,” “either… or” or “neither… nor” to join the parts of speech, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.
Neither pandas nor koalas are in our zoo. (Plural)
Either a panda or two koalas live in that zoo. (Plural)
Two koalas or a panda is coming later. (Singular)

47. Titles, Names, Nouns Ending with ‘S’ Collective Nouns, Nouns of Amount

48. Titles, Names, and Nouns ending with ‘s’
A title or name takes a singular verb form, even though the title or name may look plural. A noun ending with ‘s’ or nouns joined by ‘and’ can actually refer to one person or thing.
Antony and Cleopatra [a play] was written by Shakespeare.
The United States [a country] is more than two hundred years old.
Davis, Wu, and Lee [a store] sells quality clothing.

49. Always singular, always plural
Certain nouns ending with ‘s’ always take a singular verb.
Other nouns ending with ‘s’ always take a plural verb.
Unfortunately, you will have to learn and memorize these nouns  Let’s try to guess!!!
Always singular: ex. Mumps, news
Always Plural: ex. Scissors, pants .

50. What is a collective noun?
Take a breath, reach into the recesses of your mind and try to remember nouns…. It’s in a not so distant past.
Were you successful?
Give an example of one below

51. Verbs with Collective nouns
Use a singular verb with a collective noun. You must use a plural verb with a collective noun that refers to the individuals in the group.
Singular: The team is playing well tonight. (whole team together)
Plural: The team are putting on their helmets. (each team member)
Singular: My family is going to the seashore for the summer. (whole family together)
Plural: My family are all going to different places this summer. (each family member)

52. Verbs with Collective nouns con’t
Terms that refer to amounts—such as money, time, weight, measurements, or fractions—are usually singular when thought of as a single unit.
When terms that refer to amounts are thought of as separate items or units, they are plural, and they require a plural verb.
Singular: Ten dollars is too much for that. (one amount)
Plural: Ten quarters are divided among six cups (ten separate coins)
Singular: Twelve years seems like a long time.
Plural: Those twelve years are each important ones. (twelve separate years)

53. Verbs
Action
Transitive
Direct Objects
Indirect objects
Being/ Linking
Intransitive
Predicate Noun
Predicate Adjective
End of Sentence