1. Rome

2. Land and People of Italy
The geography of Italy played a part in its rise to power and development.
The peninsula extends about 750 miles from north to south.
Rome is located on the Tiber River with a route to the sea, far enough inland to be safe from pirates.
It also had room to expand

3. Land and People of Italy
Greeks settled in southern Italy from 750 to 550 B.C.
influenced the culture and lifestyle of the area.
The Etruscans were located north of Rome and took over the city.
Romans were influenced by Etruscan dress and political organization

4. Greek Influence Cultivation of olives and grapes Greek alphabet
Artistic and cultural models (including mythology)

5. Etruscan Influence Expansion of Rome from village to city
Style of clothing
Military organization

6. The Roman Republic
In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic.
The leader was a monarch, and some citizens had the right to vote.
Rome expanded to conquer the Latin state of Latium, and eventually conquered the Greeks.

7. The Roman Republic The early Roman political structure consisted of:
patricians, the wealthy landowning ruling class
plebeians, included merchants and farmers
Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve Tables
adopted in 450 B.C. Roman law was influential, even to later civilizations.

8. Roman Expansion
Roman belief in ancestral virtues of duty, courage and discipline
Shrewd diplomacy
Military skill, discipline, and strategy
Network of colonies connected by roads
Practical responses to problems

9. Punic Wars
The biggest threat to the rising Roman state was Carthage, the Phoenician trading empire on the coast of North Africa
The Romans and Carthaginians battled to control Sicily, and Rome won control of it during the First Punic War
A Carthaginian leader, Hannibal, entered Italy during the Second Punic War

10. Punic Wars
Romans pursued Hannibal for years, finally conquering Carthage.
Romans expanded their power into North Africa
Now Rome ruled the entire Mediterranean area

11. Decline of roman Republic
In the second century B.C., the Roman state was run by the Senate which was comprised of wealthy landowners who controlled foreign and domestic policy
Wealthy landowners bought out small peasant farmers and took over state-owned land, increasing the number of landless poor.
Some Senators begin to suggest change to help the increasing numbers of poor

12. Gracchi Reforms Tiberius Gaius Gracchus
Land reform, granting land to landless Romans
Reduce unemployment
Gaius Gracchus
Extension of citizenship
Reduce food prices
More legal rights for farmers

13. Decline of Roman Republic
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, were killed because they suggested giving land to the poor, resulting in increased instability and violence.
In exchange for land the poor were recruited to the military, and loyalty was placed in the general, not the state
This is one reform from Marius

14. Summary of Decline Increasing inequality between wealthy and poor
Increasing urban population of landless poor
Increasing use of slave labor
Control of government by wealthy, poor have no upward mobility

15. Summary of Decline The Gracchi
The two brothers, Gaius Gracchus and Tiberius, killed for their beliefs
Attempt to reform land structure to benefit the poor, small farmers
Senators fear lose of power and land, so they kill them

16. Sulla v Marius
Marius’ military reforms created an army loyal to general not state
Sulla appointed to military council
Council of Plebs tries to give Sulla power to Marius
Civil War breaks out
Sulla takes army and seizes Rome– restores power of Senate with reign of terror
Sulla sets precedent for future generals to use army to seize power

17. End of the Republic
During the time between 82 B.C. and 31 B.C., Rome competed for power and was involved in civil war.
A triumvirate government was formed, which is a government ruled by three people with equal power.
The triumvirate eventually turned into a dictatorship with Caesar controlling all of the Roman State

18. First Triumvirate Crassus Pompey Given a command in Syria
Killed in battle in 53 BCE
Pompey
Given a command in Spain
Supported by senators fearing Julius Caesar’s popularity
Defeated by Caesar in civil war
Assassinated in Egypt

19. First Triumvirate Julius Caesar
Given a special military command in Gaul (modern France)
Marched with army on Rome
Officially made dictator in 47 BCE; dictator for life in 44 BCE

20. Second Triumvirate
Caesar’s followers assassinated him (Et tu, Brute?”)
a new triumvirate was put in power—Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus.
Over time, all but one will be eliminated in the game of power

21. Second Triumvirate
Lepidus is forced into exile, Antony and Octavian split the Roman world
Antony forms alliance with Cleopatra VII of Egypt
Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra’s army at Battle of Actium in 31 BCE
Octavian left as sole ruler of Rome; ending the Roman republic officially

22. Octavian the Emperor Given the name Augustus – the revered one
Relied on the army as source of power– imperator “commander in chief”
Added new territories and stabilizes the frontiers
Maintains standing army of 28 legions of Roman citizens
151,000 men
Auxiliary forces

23. Post Augustus
The four emperors after Augustus were members of his family. As the emperors grew more powerful, many became more corrupt
Tiberius- thrifty and conscientious, but cold and suspicious
Caligula- extravagant and unstable, possibly insane
Claudius- awkward and studious, effective administrator
Nero- pretentious, self-absorbed, irresponsible, cruel

24. Pax Romana
In the second century, five good emperors led the empire into a period of peace and stability, called the Pax Romana
Five Good Emperors
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius

26. Expanding Empire
The expanding empire became difficult to defend, so cities and towns governed themselves.
The Roman culture spread, along with Latin language, Greek culture, and Roman law.
The empire was known as the Greco-Roman civilization.
The Roman Empire became known for its art and architecture, which consisted of Greek styles of architecture.

27. Roman Art Adopted stylistic features of Greek art
More realistic than idealized Greek art
Painted portraits and landscapes on villa walls

28. Roman Architecture
Used Greek style of colonnades and rectangular buildings
Innovated with curved forms such as arches, vaults and domes
Used concrete on a massive scale

29. Roman Engineering Arguably their greatest feat, the aqueducts
Also built 50,000 mile network of roads and bridges
Aqueducts brought in fresh water from miles away to Rome and other urban areas

30. Roman Literature
Literature was popular in the empire. The Augustan Age was known as the golden age of Latin literature.
Roman poets of the Augustan Age included Virgil and Horace
the historian Livy became known for his prose, The Early History of Rome.

31. Roman Literature Virgil
Wrote Aeneid, epic poem modeled on Homer’s works
Portrayed Aeneas as epitomizing Roman
virtues of duty, piety, and faithfulness
Presented vision of Rome's mission to rule world

32. Roman Literature Horace
Wrote satires gently mocking follies and vices of his time
Celebrated love, friendship, and moderation
Coined such famous phrases as carpe diem (“seize the day”) and aurea mediocritas (“golden mean”)

33. Roman Literature Livy Historian of early Rome
Saw history in moral terms
Presented legends of Roman virtue, such as farmer-general Cincinnatus

34. Life in Roman World
Households in the Roman social structure were headed by the paterfamilias, the dominant male.
Unlike the Greeks, Romans raised their children at home. All Roman upper-class children were expected to learn to read.
Women could own, inherit, and sell property. They were not segregated in the home or limited in society, although they were segregated from men at public events.
Rich lived in villas, poor lived in insulae (apartments)

35. Life in Roman Empire
Period of prosperity, with peaceful conditions allowed untroubled trade
Reached as far as China
Farming remains chief occupation
Huge gulf between rich and poor
Unemployed urban poor rely on imperial handouts of grain

36. Slavery in the Empire
Although common in ancient world, it was limited in early Republic
Numbers increased greatly as result of Roman conquests
Greek slaves in demand as teachers, artists, doctors
Slaves used extensively on large agricultural estates and public works
Slave revolts were a serious threat
Spartacus

37. Religion in The Empire
Romans believed that their success in creating an empire brought them approval from the gods.
Romans were tolerant of other religions and allowed worship of native, local gods.
Augustus revived state religion by bringing back traditional festivals to celebrate gods and goddesses.
Emperors were officially made gods by the Roman Senate.

38. Roman Gods Mercury- messenger of the gods
Venus- goddess of love and beauty
Mars- god of war
Jupiter- king of the gods
Ceres- goddess of the harvest
Saturn- father of Jupiter
Neptune- god of horses, the sea, earthquakes

39. Terms from Roman Religion
January--- from Janus, the god of doorways
March--- from Mars, the god of war
May--- from Maia, goddess of the spring
June--- from Juno, goddess of marriage

40. Judaism in Rome Judaea became a Roman province.
Jews differed among themselves regarding Roman rule.
Sadducees favored cooperation with Rome
Pharisees believed that close observance of religious law would protect them
Essenes lived apart from society, waited for God to save Israel
Zealots called for a violent overthrow of Roman rule.

41. Christianity
Jesus’s mission was to complete the salvation God had promised to Israel. His followers believed he was the Messiah.
Roman authorities ordered Jesus’s crucifixion to end a perceived threat of revolution against Rome.
Early apostles of Christianity preached the words of Jesus, wrote accounts, and established churches.

42. Christianity Spreads
Romans began persecuting Christians as threats to the Roman state. In response, Christianity continued to grow.
Under the rules of Constantine and Theodosius the Great, Christianity grows
313 AD Constantine issues Edict of Milan
Theodosius the Great adopts Christianity as the official religion of the Empire

43. Decline of Rome
In the third century A.D., the Roman Empire was beset by civil wars and disputes.
Sassanid Persians invaded the empire from the east
Germanic tribes crossed the borders in the Balkans, Gaul, and Spain.
Plague led to a shortage of labor both in the military and the civilian workforce.

44. Decline of Rome
Diocletian divided the empire’s rule into two parts (east and west) each with two leaders
Changed monetary practices, price edict in 301 AD (failed)
Constantine transformed the Greek city of Byzantium into a new capital for the empire, Constantinople.
Two main institutions grew– army and civil service
Hierarchy of government officials exercised control
Army swelled to 500,000 men

45. Why Rome Fell
Christianity emphasis on spiritual kingdom weakened military values
Non-Italians gaining prominence declined traditional Roman values
Lead poisoning from pipes caused mental decline in population
Plague wipes out 10% of population
Failure to advance technologically due to slavery
Could not create workable political system