1. The Age of Napoleon
Ch. 18
Sec. 3

2. Introduction
By the late 1790’s, there existed a general wish for stability in France, especially among property owners. The government of the Directory was not providing this stability. The one force that was able to take charge of the nation as a symbol of both order and popular national will was the army.

3. The most politically astute of the army generals was Napoleon Bonaparte, who had been a radical during the early revolution, a victorious general in Italy, and a supporter of the attempt to suppress revolutionary disturbances during the Directories rule. Furthermore, as a general, he was a leader in the French army, the institution seen most clearly to embody the popular values of the nation and revolution.

4. I. Early Life Born in 1769 on the island of Corsica
Talented, academic and ambitious. He received a scholarship to a famous military school.
Spoke with an Italian accent. (Considered an outsider by schoolmates)

5. I. Early Life
Napoleon was commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army.
He was not popular with his fellow officers.
He was able to inspire and motivate the troops under his command.

6. Worksheet # 1 Napoleon Addressing His Army
Under the Worksheets folder on Edline, open the worksheet Napoleon Addressing his Army and answer the questions in your packet.

7. I. Early Life Studied French philosophy
Analyzed famous military campaigns and strategy
Studied the use of artillery in the army.
The revolution provided Napoleon with the perfect opportunity to take advantage of his knowledge and talents.

8. II. Military Successes
Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks of the French army.
By age 26 he was the Commander of the French armies in Italy.

9. II. Military Successes Italian Campaigns
The Treaty of Campo Formio: Took Austria out of
the war and placed all of Italy and Switzerland
under French control. It made Napoleon a national
hero in France.
In a series of lighting quick victories Napoleon crushed the Austrian armies in Italy.
On his own initiative he concluded the Treaty of Campo Formio with Austria, against the wishes of the government in Paris.

10. II. Military Successes Speed: Use of cavalry to outflank the enemy
Surprise: Gained territorial advantage
Decisive Action: Centralized chain of command
Quick Artillery Strikes: Studied the use of artillery and understood its advantages
Favored using the tactic of overwhelming force to disperse the enemy lines.
Napoleon would send a large fast charge at the weakest part of the enemies lines, dispersing their defense.

11. II. Military Successes
By capturing Egypt, I hoped to drive the British fleet from the Mediterranean, cut off British communication with India, damage British trade, and threaten the British Empire.
In 1797, the triumphant Napoleon returned to Paris to be hailed a hero and to confront France’s only remaining enemy, Britain.
He judged it impossible to invade England at the time. Instead he chose to attack British colonial interests.
Napoleon set out to capture Egypt.

12. II. Military Successes
Even though Napoleon overran Egypt, the invasion was a failure.
The British fleet destroyed the French navy cutting off Napoleon and his army from France.
Fearing disaster Napoleon escaped Egypt, leaving his army, and returned to Paris.

13. III. Consul and Emperor The French government was losing power daily.
When Napoleon returned to France a change in power was under way.
He used the army to overthrow the Directory and establish a Consulate (Three person Executive Branch)

14. Consul and Emperor
Napoleon was the first modern political figure to
use the philosophies of the Enlightenment
combined with the idea of nationalism,
and to back both with military power and
force in the service of his own power and ambition.
The Consulate had democratic principles and voting rights, however, Napoleon soon seized power for himself and was named the First Consul.

15. III. Consul and Emperor
In 1804 Napoleon seized on his popularity and wrote a new constitution in which he was to be called Emperor of the French instead of First Consul.
Napoleon invited the Pope to Notre Dame to take part in the coronation.
At the last minute, however, Napoleon thought it best if he place the crown on his own head.

16. IV. Napoleonic Code
Safeguarded all forms of property
Employment was based on talent not birth
Merit based pay
Workers’ organizations were forbidden
Men were granted extensive control of their
families
5. Divorce was made difficult for women
The code was a reform of civil law in France. It would eventually spread to the rest of Europe.

17. V. Napoleon’s Empire No single enemy could match such
Napoleon could put as many as 700,000 men under arms at one time, risk as many as 100,000 troops in a single battle, endure heavy losses, and return to fight again.
He could conscript citizen soldiers in unprecedented numbers, thanks to their loyalty to the nation.
No single enemy could match such
Resources, even coalitions failed

18. V. Napoleon’s Empire
Britain once again defeated the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar, however, Napoleon’s army on land was far too strong for Central European nations.
In 1805 Napoleon defeated the combined Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz

19. V. Napoleon’s Empire
As he conquered Germany, Italy and Prussia, Napoleon placed his family members in charge of these areas.
The establishment of the Continental System was the only way Napoleon could attack the British.
The Continental System:
Unable to compete with the British navy,
Napoleon hoped to cripple their economy by
forbidding any of the conquered nations to trade
with the British. He hoped to create revolution
in England and drive them from war.

20. VI. The Fall of Napoleon
The Continental system was a complete failure.
The British economy survived by trading with North and South America.
At the same time the system badly hurt European economies who relied on trade with Britain.
Many of Napoleon’s economic policies favored only France which angered conquered areas in the Empire.

21. VI. The Fall of Napoleon
The spread of the Napoleonic Code also served as a seed of destruction for the Empire.
The new ideas of Nationalism and Equality change the old social structures in Central Europe.
As a consequence the conquered states and people grew restless with French control.

22. VI. The Fall of Napoleon The Invasion of Russia
Russia did not like the changes Napoleon was bringing to Europe.
In 1810 Russia withdrew from the Continental system and prepared for war.

23. VI. The Fall of Napoleon The Invasion of Russia
Napoleon was determined to end the Russian military threat.
He created the Grand Army
600,000 men
Core of trained French soldiers and soldiers from the rest of the Empire

24. VI. The Fall of Napoleon The Invasion of Russia
Napoleon intended for the usual short campaign crowned by a decisive battle.
But the Russians (with only 160,000 troops) would not risk traditional battle.
Instead they used the tactic of “scorched-earth”
Scorched-Earth: policy of destroying all food and
supplies as the army retreated from the Grand Army.
Napoleon’s army could not live off the land and
Supply lines were to long to be maintained.

25. VI. The Fall of Napoleon The Invasion of Russia
By December, I realized that the Russian fiasco would encourage plots against me at home. I returned home to Paris leaving the remnants of my army in Russia. Only 100,000 of the original 600,000 lived to tell of the terrible ordeal.
The Invasion of Russia
Thinking that the Russians would never abandon their capital, Napoleon decided to attack Moscow, however the weather had gotten much worse as winter approached.
Again the Russian army burned Moscow down around Napoleon.

26. Worksheet #3 A Doomed March to Russia
Under the Worksheets folder on Edline, open the worksheet A Doomed March to Russia and answer the questions in your packet. Be sure to read both worksheets 1 & 2.

27. VI. The Fall of Napoleon
Weakened by the Russian campaign I was not able to overcome the combined armies of Austria, Prussia, Russian and Great Britain. In March 1814 the allies marched into Paris and forced me to abdicate and go into exile on the island of Elba.

28. VI. The Fall of Napoleon The Hundred Days
The alliance that defeated Napoleon began to break apart.
Napoleon seized on the weakness and escaped to France. Much of the army was still loyal to the Emperor.
The Hundred Days: Mark the time period in
which Napoleon escaped from Elba and
reclaimed control of France. He promised to
create a new constitution and maintain peace,
but the allies were frightened by his return.

29. VI. The Fall of Napoleon The Hundred Days
The allies once again declared Napoleon an outlaw and moved their armies to fight the French.
At the battle of Waterloo Napoleon’s forces were defeated and he was sent into exile once again on the island of Saint Helena.

30. Video 2 Napoleon Conclusion
Go to the Videos folder in Edline and watch the Napoleon Conclusion.
Answer the questions in the packet.

31. Worksheet #4 Three Ways Napoleon Changed the World
VII. Napoleon’s Impact
Worksheet #4 Three Ways Napoleon Changed the World
Under the Worksheets folder on Edline, open the worksheet Three Ways Napoleon Changed the World. Complete the questions in your packet.