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The pronunciation of Slovenian proper nouns in German pronunciation dictionaries
The 3rd Workshop on Slovenian Phonology Luka Horjak (University of Ljubljana)
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Introduction 1. History of German pronunciation dictionaries
2. Phonemic system of Standard German 3. German pronunciation rules 4. Transcription of German pronunciation dictionaries 5. Analysis of Slovenian proper nouns in two German pronunciation dictionaries
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History of German pronunciation dictionaries
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Phonemic system of standard German
The monophthongs: /iː/ (Miete) – /ɪ/ (Mitte), /eː/ (legen) – /ɛː/ (Käthe) – /ɛ/ (Kette), /aː/ (raten) – /a/ (Ratten), /oː/ (Sohlen) – /ɔ/ (sollen), /uː/ (spuken) – /ʊ/ (spucken), /yː/ (Fühler) –/ʏ/ (Füller), /øː/ (Höhle) – /œ/ (Hölle). The diphthongs: /aɛ̯/ (breit), /aɔ̯/ (Braut), /ɔœ̯/ (Bräute)
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Lexeme DUDEN 2015 DAWB mein (my) maɪ̯n maɛ̯n Haus (house) haʊ̯s haɔ̯s heute (today) ˈhɔɪ̯tə ˈhɔœ̯tə
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Nasal vowels [ɑ̃ː] or [ɑ̃]: Nuance (shade) [ny̆ˈɑ̃ːsə], Ensemble (together) [ɑ̃sˈɑ̃ːbl̩] [ɛ̃ː] or [ɛ̃]: Refrain [ʁefʁ̥ˈɛ̃ː], Impromptu (sudden) [ɛ̃pʁ̥õtˈyː] [õː] or [õ]: pardon [paʁdˈõː], Bonmot (witty remark) [bõmˈoː] [œ̃ː] or [œ̃]: Parfum [paʁfˈœ̃ː] Verdun [vɛʁdˈœ̃ː]
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Consonants Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal Plosive p b t d k ɡ Nasal m n ŋ Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ ç j ʁ h Approximant Lateral Approximant l
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Dorsal assimilation: /ç/ -> [x]/ [uː ʊ oː ɔ ɔː aː a aɔ̯] ___
The German /ʁ/ Fricative [ʁ] is pronounced before vowels (Beruf [bəʁˈuːf] profession), after a voiced plosive or fricative before vowel (grün [gʁyːn] green). Reduced [ʁ] is pronounced after the short vowel (Herr [hɛʁ] mister) and after the long a (Notar [notˈaːʁ] notary). Devoiced fricative [ʁ̥] is pronounced after the voiceless Consonant (froh [fʁ̥oː] happy). Syllabic [ɐ] is pronounced in unstressed prefix <er-> (erleben [ɐlˈeːbm̩] to experience) and in unstressed prefix <-er> (Vater [fˈaːtɐ] father) Unsyllabic [ɐ] is pronounced after a long vowel, but not after the long a (Meer [meːɐ] sea) and in stressed prefix <her-> (herstellen [hˈeːɐʃtɛln̩] to produce).
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German pronunciation norm – Long stressed vowels
The length of the vowels can be predicted from the orthography: When two vowels are written: <aa, ee, oo>: Haar (hair), Tee (tea), Moor (bog) Lengthening h in the final position, between the vowels, and before the consonants <r, l, m, n>: <ih, eh, ah, oh, uh, üh, öh, äh>: früh (early), sehen (to see), Ehre (honor), wohnen (to live). When written as <ie>: Biene (bee), Liebe (love)
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German pronunciation norm – Long stressed vowels
The length cannot be predicted from the orthography: Stressed open syllable: haben (to have), rufen (to call) Stressed relative open syllable: Gebet-e (prayer), Flug-¨e (flight), schön- e (beautiful). The sylallable is at first closed, but can be opened if we decline the word. When the basic (grammar) form has a long vowel: gibst (2. P., sing., pres.), gibt (3. p., sing., pres.) – geben (to give), atmen (to breathe) – Atem (breathing) Some monosyllabic words: wir (we), er (he), für (for) “Siebs”-rules (or Exceptions): Mond (moon), Erde (earth), suchen (to search)
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German pronunciation norm – Short stressed vowels
The vowel is short before a consonant cluster: stellen (to place), küssen (to kiss), können (to be able to), Atilla, Lotto (lottery), Parkett (parquet), Opfer (victim), ordnen (to organise), jetzt (now), selbst (myself)
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German pronunciation norm – Consonants
In the word and syllable final position are voiced plosives pronounced as voiceless. When two the same consonants on the syllabic boundary appear, is only one pronounced: annähern [ˈan͜nɛːɐn], am Meer [am‿ˈmeːɐ] Progressive Assimilation: After the voiceless final segment on the word or syllable boundary a voiced plosive or fricative is devoiced. [p t k f pf s ts tʃ ʃ ç x] | [b̥ d̥ g̊ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ j̊ ʁ̥]
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Differences in the transcription
Example DUDEN (2015) DAWB Diphthongs mein (my) maɪ̯n maɛ̯n Haus (house) haʊ̯s haɔ̯s heute (today) 'hɔɪ̯tə ˈhɔœ̯tə Vowels in unstressed final position Anna 'ana ˈanaː Auto (car) 'aʊ̯to ˈaɔ̯toː Uhu (eagle owl) 'u:hu ˈuːhuː Taxi 'taksi tˈaksiː R-Allophones Rot (red) ro:t ʁoːt Preis (price) praɪ̯s pʁ̥aɛ̯s Ort (place) ɔrt ɔʁt Meer (sea) me:ɐ̯ meːɐ erzählen (to tell) ɛɐ̯'tsɛ:lən ɐtsˈɛːln Vater (father) 'fa:tɐ fˈaːtɐ Progressive assimilation obwohl (although) ɔp'vo:l ɔpv̥ˈoːl zwei (two) 'tsvaɪ̯ tsv̥aɛ̯
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Analysis of Slovenian proper nouns in two German pronunciation dictionaries
DAWB (2009): 43 Slovenian proper nouns DUDEN (2015): 101 proper nouns Surnames: Adamič, Albrecht, Aškerc, Bevk, Blajvajs, Bohorič, Bor, Cankar, Cerar, Cojz, Čop, Dalmatin, Dolinar, Erjavec, Finžgar, Gaj, Globokar, Govekar, Gradnik, Gregorčič, Ingolič, Jakopič, Jama, Jenko, Jurčič, Kardelj, Kersnik, Kette, Kocbek, Kopitar, Korošec, Kos, Kosmač, Kosovel, Kozak, Kranjec, Kreft, Kučan, Levstik, Lipuš, Miklošič, Murn, Pahor, Petan, Plečnik, Prešeren, Prežihov, Ramovš, Stritar, Šubic, Tavčar, Trubar, Vidmar, Vodnik, Vraz, Zamometič (?), Zlobec, Župančič. Names: Borut, Miro. Slovenian regions: Dolenjsko, Gorenjsko, Kranjska, Prekmurje. Towns: Bled, Bohinj, Celje, Jesenice, Kobarid, Kočevje, Koper, Krško, Laško, Lipica, Ljubelj, Ljubljana, Ljutomer, Maribor, Nova Gorica, Piran, Planica, Portorož, Postojna, Ptuj, Rimske Toplice, Rogaška Slatina, Škocjan, Škofja Loka, Toplice, Trbovlje, Tržič, Velenje, Videm-Krško (parish), Vipava. Rivers: Drava, Kolpa, Krka, Mura, Sava, Soča. Mountains: Triglav. Country: Slovenija.
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Stress Lexeme DAWB (2009) DUDEN (2015) IPA, nom. sing. IPA, gen. sing.
Kosmač kˈɔsmatʃ kɔs'ma:tʃ kɔsˈmatʃ kɔsˈmatʃa Kozak kˈɔzak kɔ'za:k kɔˈzak kɔˈzaka
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Vowels kˈɪʁkaː 'kərka ˈkərka ˈkərkɛ kˈɪʁʃkɔː 'kərʃkɔ ˈkərʃkɔ ˈkərʃkɛga
Krleža kroat. [kˈɪʁlɛʒaː], Krk kroat. [kɪʁk], Krkonoše tschech. [kˈiʁkɔnoʃə] [ɪʁ] Lexeme DAWB (2009) DUDEN (2015) IPA, nom. sing. IPA, gen. sing. Krka kˈɪʁkaː 'kərka ˈkərka ˈkərkɛ Krško kˈɪʁʃkɔː 'kərʃkɔ ˈkərʃkɔ ˈkərʃkɛga
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Vowels - Quality tʃo:p tʃɔp ˈtʃɔpa gʁɛgˈɔʁtʃɪtʃ ɡrɛ'ɡo:rtʃitʃ
Lexeme DAWB (2009) DUDEN (2015) IPA, nom. sing. IPA, gen. sing. Čop tʃo:p tʃɔp ˈtʃɔpa Gregorčič gʁɛgˈɔʁtʃɪtʃ ɡrɛ'ɡo:rtʃitʃ grɛˈgortʃitʃ grɛˈgortʃitʃa Kočevje kɔtʃˈɛ.vʝə kɔ'tʃe:vjɛ kɔˈtʃeu̯jɛ kɔˈtʃeu̯ja Pahor pa'xo:r ˈpaxɔr ˈpaxɔrja Škocjan ʃkˈoːtsʝ̊an 'ʃko:tsjan ˈʃkɔtsjan ʃkɔtsˈjana Trbovlje tər'bo:vljɛ tərˈbɔu̯ljɛ tərˈbɔʋəlʲ Velenje vɛlˈeːnʝə vɛ'le:njɛ ʋɛˈlɛnjɛ ʋɛˈlɛnja Zlobec zlˈoːbɛts 'zlo:bɛts ˈzlɔbəts
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Vowels – Quantity, Stressed vowels
Lexeme DAWB (2009) DUDEN (2015) IPA, nom. sing. IPA, gen. sing. Aškerc ˈaʃkɛʁts 'a:ʃkɛrts ˈaʃkərts ˈaʃkərtsa Ingolič ˈɪŋgɔlɪtʃ 'i:ŋɡɔlitʃ iŋgɔlitʃ ˈiŋgɔlitʃa Jurčič ʝˈʊʁtʃɪtʃ 'ju:rtʃitʃ ˈjurtʃitʃ ˈjurtʃitʃa Kosovel kɔsɔ've:l ˈkosɔʋel ˈkosɔʋela Miklošič mˈɪklɔʃɪtʃ 'miklɔʃitʃ ˈmiklɔʃitʃ ˈmiklɔʃitʃa Vidmar 'vidmar ˈʋidmar ˈʋidmarja Župančič ʒʊpˈantʃɪtʃ ʒuˈpa:ntʃitʃ ʒuˈpantʃitʃ ʒuˈpantʃitʃa
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Vowels – Quantity, Unstressed vowels
Lexeme DAWB (2009) DUDEN (2015) IPA, nom. sing. IPA, gen. sing. Aškerc ˈaʃkɛʁts 'a:ʃkɛrts ˈaʃkərts ˈaʃkərtsa Ingolič ˈɪŋgɔlɪtʃ 'i:ŋɡɔlitʃ iŋgɔlitʃ ˈiŋgɔlitʃa Jurčič ʝˈʊʁtʃɪtʃ 'ju:rtʃitʃ ˈjurtʃitʃ ˈjurtʃitʃa Kosovel kɔsɔ've:l ˈkosɔʋel ˈkosɔʋela Miklošič mˈɪklɔʃɪtʃ 'miklɔʃitʃ ˈmiklɔʃitʃ ˈmiklɔʃitʃa Vidmar 'vidmar ˈʋidmar ˈʋidmarja Župančič ʒʊpˈantʃɪtʃ ʒuˈpa:ntʃitʃ ʒuˈpantʃitʃ ʒuˈpantʃitʃa
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Consonants 'bɔ:xinj ˈbɔxinʲ bɔˈxinja dɔlˈeːnskɔː dɔ'le:njskɔ
Lexeme DAWB (2009) DUDEN (2015) IPA, nom. sing. IPA, gen. sing. Bohinj 'bɔ:xinj ˈbɔxinʲ bɔˈxinja Dolenjsko dɔlˈeːnskɔː dɔ'le:njskɔ dɔˈlenʲskɔ dɔˈlenʲskɛɡa Gorenjsko gɔʁˈeːnskɔ ɡɔ're:njskɔ gɔˈrenʲskɔ gɔˈrenʲskɛɡa Kardelj kar'de:lj karˈdelʲ karˈdelja Kranjska 'kra:jnska ˈkranʲska ˈkranʲskɛ Ljubelj lju'be:lj ljuˈbelʲ ljuˈbelja Erjavec ɛr'ʒa:vɛts ɛrˈjaʋəts / ɛrˈjaʋɛts ɛrˈjaʋtsa
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Consonants - Voicing ble:d blet ˈbleda tso:jz tsojs ˈtsojza kɔbaʁˈiːt
Lexeme DAWB (2009) DUDEN (2015) IPA, nom. sing. IPA, gen. sing. Bled ble:d blet ˈbleda Cojz tso:jz tsojs ˈtsojza Kobarid kɔbaʁˈiːt kɔba'ri:d kɔbaˈrit kɔbaˈrida Kocbek kˈɔtsb̥ɛk 'kɔdzbɛk ˈkodzbɛk Portorož pɔrtɔ'ro:ʒ pɔrtɔˈroʃ pɔrtɔˈroʒa Vraz vra:z ʋras ˈʋraza
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Conclusion Corrected transcriptions will be sent to Germany …
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