1. W.C. Ch. 25
Punctuation!

2. Punctuation matters!
Once upon a time there lived a princess in a magical land she loved singing dancing and riding her pet hippopotamus Sparkles she was very popular with her subjects they were even willing to do extra work to help her she became a great leader and the people always remembered her fondly because she always said remember me fondly peasants

3. SEE!
Once upon a time there lived a princess in a magical land. She loved singing, dancing, and riding her pet hippopotamus, Sparkles. She was very popular with her subjects; they were even willing to do extra work to help her. She became a great leader, and the people always remembered her fondly because she always said, “Remember me fondly, peasants.”

4. End Marks Periods: Declarative Sentences: I like chocolate.
Imperative Sentences: Do your homework.
Indirect Questions: The teacher asked if I did my homework.
Abbreviations and Initials: Mr. T.S. Eliot
**NOT used with acronyms: CIA

5. End Marks Question Marks: Exclamation Points:
Interrogative Sentence: Where are you going?
Interrogative Word: What?
Exclamation Points:
Exclamatory sentence: I can’t believe it!
Imperative sentence: RUN!
Strong interjection: OUCH!

6. Commas End marks signal a full stop. Commas signal a brief pause.
There are MANY reasons to use commas!
We will be studying a lot. What rules can you name?

7. The Comma Rules!  Compound Sentences Comma Splices Items in a Series
Between Adjectives
Introductory Elements
Parenthetical Expressions
Nonessential Elements
Dates
Numbers
Geographical Places
Addresses
Letters
Quotations

8. Compound Sentences What is a compound sentence?
Use a comma before the conjunction to separate two main or independent clauses in a compound sentence
The students have studied a lot of concepts, but there are still more concepts to learn.
**Only use a comma before a conjunction if there are complete sentences on BOTH sides.**

9. Comma Splices!
Occur when two or more sentences have been joined with only a comma between them (no conjunction)
Splice: The sun was shining brightly, he forgot to bring his sunglasses.
Sentence: The sun was shining brightly, and he forgot to bring his sunglasses.

10. Items in a series
Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series
The forest animals included deer, rabbits, and squirrels.
His directions sent us across the hall, through the door, and beyond the field.

11. Items in a Series Cont! CAREFUL:
If there is a conjunction by each item, don’t use a comma: I bought carrots and gum and chocolate.
If the items are considered one item, don’t add commas: I brought salt and pepper, oil and vinegar, and bread and butter.

12. Between adjectives
Use comma to separate adjectives of equal rank Bianca made a simple, polite request.
“and” could be used between the words
Order of the adjectives can be changed

13. Between Adjectives
Don’t use commas to separate adjectives that MUST appear in a certain order
Some colorful birds perched on the roof.
Don’t use a comma to separate the last adjective in the series from the noun it modifies
GOOD: We walked on the long, twisting, scenic route.
BAD: We walked on the long, twisting, scenic, route.

14. Practice! Fix all the errors
The students and teachers worked diligently and they were both ready for the weekend.
The energetic fluffy puppy was always ready to play.
I would love to help the pirates on the adventure they need a map.
There will be a day for more crazy exciting plans.
I will go to the event so you don’t have to.

15. Summarize!

16. W.C. Ch. 25 Cont.
More Comma Rules

17. Commas in Dates
When a date has 3 parts (Friday, December 25, 2014), use a comma to separate each item EXCEPT the month and day
On March 12, 1945, my grandfather came to the United States.
Friday, April 12, was an important date for Marco and his family.

18. Commas in Dates
When a date contains ONLY a month and a year, commas are not necessary.
That new movie is coming out June 2015.

19. Geographical Places
When you write the city and state, use a comma after each item unless the state ends the sentence
She lived in Dallas, Texas, for several years.
We visited Honolulu, Hawaii.

20. #commasandnumbers
Numbers with more than three digits have a comma: 3,000
Use commas for 3 or more numbers in a series: Do pages 12, 16, and 34.
Don’t use commas for:
Zip codes: 85297
Phone numbers: (555)
Page numbers: on page 3452
Years: 2015
Serial numbers:
House numbers: 1257

21. Letters Use a comma after the salutation of a personal letter
Dear John,
Use a comma after the closing of all letters
Sincerely,

22. Practice:
I was born in Sacramento California but I grew up in Boise Idaho.
There are 5280 feet in a mile and there are 1760 yards in a mile.
Dear Amelia
I am really looking forward to Friday October because we have a day off from school.

23. Review: Add commas as needed
The football players looked exhausted but they kept playing their hardest.
The strange new concept left the students feeling a bit confused.
You need to go over the river through the woods and beyond the stream to get there.

24. Addresses
Use a comma after each item in an address made up of two or more parts
He is writing to John Keen, 137 Adams Street, Reno, Nevada

25. Direct Quotations
Use commas to set off direct quotations from the rest of the sentence
Naomi said, “Please wait for me.”
“I will,” Rosa answered, “if you walk faster.”

26. Introductory Elements
Use a comma to set off introductory words, phrases, or dependent clauses
Intro word:
Hey, pass the mashed potatoes.
Intro phrase:
To conserve energy, we are lowering the heat.
Intro clause:
Although it was early, she was up and ready to go.

27. Parenthetical Expressions:
A parenthetical expression is something that adds extra information to the sentence
Examples:
Direct address: Listen, Ava.
Conjunctive adverbs: The suitcase, therefore, was heavy.
Common expressions: He’s not the best choice, in my opinion.
Contrasting expressions: The award should be yours, not theirs.

28. Parenthetical Expressions
A parenthetical expression in the MIDDLE of the sentence needs TWO commas
Please, Brian, sit down.
One at the end needs ONE comma
Please sit down, Brian.

29. Essential VS. Nonessential Expressions
Nonessential expressions can be left out without changing the meaning of the sentence
Set these off with commas
Ex: West Side Story, an award-winning movie, takes place in New York City.
Essential expressions must be included to clarify the meaning of the sentence
DO NOT use commas
Ex: The award-winning movie West Side Story takes place in New York City.

30. How do you know if it’s essential?
Can you take it out of the sentence?
Is there more than one possible answer if the phrase is not there?
My brother Barry is awesome.
My sister, Kaydee, is awesome.

31. Practice! In my opinion we should have a longer lunch.
You know Josiah you should try out for the musical.
My dog Brinkley barks a lot. (Note: you have only 1 dog)
My dog Brinkley barks a lot. (Note: you have more than 1 dog)
He lives at 123 W. Washington Street Gilbert Arizona
“I can’t go to the dance” explained Susan.

32. Summarize!

33. W.C. Ch. 25 Cont.
Semicolons and Colons

34. Semicolons;
Link two independent clauses (sentences) that are CLOSELY related!
Bill enjoys exploring the jungle; his sister prefers to stay on the beach.
Link with transitions
I like swimming; however, she is better at it.
Avoid confusion
We visited Chandler, Arizona; Anchorage, Alaska; and Ontario, California.

35. Colons: After an independent clause with a list
We need to purchase the following items: milk, bread, and butter.
Use a colon to introduce a long or formal quotation
The sign clearly states: “No bicycling beyond this point.”
Other uses:
Separate hours and minutes: It’s 12:15pm.
After the salutation of a business letter
On warnings and labels
Notice: Shop is closed for repairs.

36. Practice: What should be added?
I’ll prepare dinner meanwhile you set the table.
You must be ready by 6 30P.M.
To whom it may concern
The sky was gray the wind blew the waves crashed on the rocks.
This is what you should do apologize and give her flowers.

37. Practice: Add Commas In my opinion people should stop arguing.
“I am” she hesitated “afraid I won’t know.”
Sarah trembling with fear got up to speak.
I want to go but I have something else to do.
The students therefore did great on the test.

38. Comma Rules Revisited Compound Sentence = IC + , + FANBOYS + IC
Items in a series
Between adjectives of equal rank
Introductory Elements
Parenthetical Elements
Dates: Friday, June 25, 2013
Geographical places: She lived in Dallas, Texas, last year.
Numbers
Addresses
Direct Quotes

39. Summarize!

40. Apostrophe: The Comma in the Air
W.C. Ch. 25 Cont.
Apostrophe: The Comma in the Air

41. Minute to Win it: pronouns (16)
I thought it was just an ordinary Monday, but I was very wrong. When I was walking to school, someone ran over to me with a note in hand. He said that I needed to read it immediately. I started walking away, not sure what I thought about this. But as I unfolded the note, I knew my day would be interesting…

42. Possessive Nouns
Add an apostrophe and –s to form the possessive of most singular nouns and plural nouns that do not end in –s or –es
The doctor’s advice included plenty of rest.
It was her boss’s idea to work longer hours.
**Note: some names the end in –s omit the last s to help pronunciation**
Ulysses’ wisdom was well-known.
Add an apostrophe to the possessive case of plural nouns ending in –s
The bees’ buzzing was all I could hear.

43. Indefinite Pronouns
Add an apostrophe with an –s to indefinite pronouns to show possession
Anyone’s seat
Everyone else’s name

44. Possessive Pronouns
DO NOT USE AN APOSTROPHE WITH POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS!!!!!!!!
The cat licked its paw.
That jacket is hers.
Those are his shoes.

45. Contractions
Use an apostrophe in a contraction to show where letters have been omitted
Can’t = cannot
Isn’t = is not
Andy’s = Andy is
You’re = you are
Who’d = who would
Avoid using contractions in formal speech and writing

46. Create Plurals
Use an apostrophe and -s to create the plural form of a letter, numeral, or a word used as a name for itself
Remember to write your thank you’s.
Your b’s look like d’s.

47. Practice: Correct or Not?
This is someone elses scarf.
No ones ideas will be ignored.
The dog was favoring its left paw.
The choice will be yours alone.
Our writing group shared papers with another group; we read their’s and they read our’s.

48. Summarize!

49. Quotation Marks, Underlining, & Italics
W.C. Ch. 25 Cont.
Quotation Marks, Underlining, & Italics

50. The Basics
“Quotation Marks” set off direct quotations, dialogue, and certain types of titles.
Other types of titles may be underlined or put in italics—a slanted type style.

51. Quotation Marks with Quotations
Direct Quotes: information that is quoted using exact words
MUST have quotation marks
Ex.: “I hate pistachios!” exclaimed Liz.
Ex.: “I’ll feed the fish,” said John.
Indirect Quotes: reports the general idea
NO quotation marks
Ex.: According to Elizabeth, pistachios are not delicious snacks.
Ex.: John said that he would feed the fish.

52. Quotation Marks with an Intro
Introductory expression:
place a comma after the introductory expression and write the quote
Sheila exclaimed, “I am so excited!”
If the introductory expression is long, use a colon instead of a comma
At the end of practice, Miguel outlined his goals for the future: “I would like to increase my speed by the end of the year.”

53. Quotation Marks with a Conclusion
Concluding expression:
place a comma, question mark, or exclamation point inside the quotation marks before writing the concluding expression and ending the sentence
“I think you’d love camp!” exclaimed Timothy.

54. Interrupted Quotations
Interrupting expression or divided quotation
End the 1st part with a punctuation mark before moving on to the interrupting expression and 2nd part
**Don’t capitalize the first word of the 2nd part**
“Because the camp is on a lake,” explained Tim, “we can go swimming and canoeing every day.”
“Do you think,” interrupted Aleia, “that I could learn to water ski?”

55. Practice: Add commas and quotes
When you come home from school Mother said please do your laundry.
I wonder mused Catherine whatever happened to our former neighbors.”
Please let me see that book said Dane.
Let’s call Randall Josiah suggested. He always has good ideas.
I have just printed my final draft Vinny declared. After I proofread it, I’ll hand it in.

56. Punctuation Inside Quotation Marks
Always place a comma or period inside the “”
Matt added, “We are leaving early.”
Place a question mark or exclamation point inside the final quotation mark IF the end mark is part of the quote. Do not use an additional end mark.
Joe asked, “What animal eats the most leaves?”
Place a question mark or exclamation point outside the final quotation mark IF the end mark is not part of the quote.
What famous person said, “We have nothing to fear but fear itself”?

57. A quote within a quote…
Use single quotation marks ‘’ to set off a quotation within a quotation
Nate said, “Someone yelled ‘Fire!’ before we smelled the smoke.”

58. Extra Info!
Use brackets to enclose explanatory information in a quote if the info is not part of the original quote
The mayor said, “The new park is the result of two communities [New City and Hillsdale] working together.”

59. Practice: Add the missing punctuation
Did I hear someone say “Let’s have ice cream”
Milton asked, “Is it too late to apply”
“I knew you could do it” the teacher exclaimed.
Jan asked, “Did he say I’ll help?”

60. Dialogue!
Indent to begin a new paragraph every time the speaker changes!

61. Quotation Marks in Titles!
What is it?
Example:
Title of Short Story
“The Gift of the Magi”
Chapter from a Book
“The Worst Birthday” from Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Title of a Short Poem
“Lucy”
Title of an Article
“How to Build a Birdhouse”
Title Mentioned as PART of a Collection
“Uncle Vanya” in Eight Great Comedies
Title of a T.V. Episode
“Fear of a Krabby Patty” from Spongebob
Title of a Song
“What Does the Fox Say?”
Title of a Part of a Long Musical Work
“The Storm” from William Tell Overture

62. Underline or Italicize
These are interchangeable!
Both of them set the title apart to show that it is important.
Be consistent.

63. Underline or Italicize
Titles of long written works published as a single work
Titles of movies, T.V. and radio series
Long works of music, art, etc.
What is it?
Example
Book or Play
Where the Red Fern Grows
Romeo and Juliet
Long Poem
The Song of Myself
Magazine or Newspaper
The Washington Post
Movie
Big Hero 6
T.V. Series
Drake and Josh
Music Album
My World 2.0
Long Music
Beethoven’s 5th Symphony
Painting
Mona Lisa
Sculpture
The Thinker

64. Underline or Italicize
Words and letters used as names for themselves OR foreign words
How do you spell Mississippi?
Ms. Klontz often says bienvenidos at the start of class.
Names of individual air, sea, and spacecraft
Titanic
Apollo 13

65. Practice: I loved reading Stuart Little when I was little.
I can’t wait to see The Lion King on Broadway.
Suzie read Goodnight Moon to the children she was babysitting.
I read an article in Now magazine called How to Survive a Computer Crash.
Don memorized and recited the poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe.

66. Summarize!

67. Parentheses and Brackets
W.C. Ch. 25 cont.
Parentheses and Brackets

68. Parentheses: ( )
Used to separate information from the rest of the sentence or paragraph
Use parentheses to set off explanations or other information that is loosely related to the rest of the sentence
James Fenimore Cooper ( ) was well-known for his historical novels.

69. Parenthetical Citations
When you quote a text, you must also cite the source
An in-text citation is also called a parenthetical citation because the author’s name and page number follows the quote
According to a recent study, “Over 76% of people prefer apples to oranges” (Smith, 23).

70. Parenthetical Sentences: A sentence within a sentence
May end with a ? or ! but not with a .
The playoff schedule (the league is still working on it!) should be available soon.
Don’t begin with a capital letter unless the word should already be capitalized
New puppies (my family just bought one) require a lot of work.
New puppies (I just bought one) require a lot of work.

71. Parenthetical Sentences Standing Alone
If a parenthetical sentence stands alone, it should start with a capital letter and have an end mark
The playoff schedule will be available soon. (Can you believe they are still working on it?)

72. Brackets
Only ONE major purpose: use brackets to enclose explanatory words in a quotation to show that it is not part of the actual quote
An eyewitness to the accident said, “This intersection has been a problem since the stop sign was installed [in 2001].”
You also use brackets for explanatory information included in a parenthetical text
Abraham Lincoln (the sixteenth president of the United States [ ]) came from humble origins.

73. Practice: Add Parentheses or Brackets
Being late for a movie something I can’t stand doesn’t seem to bother some of my friends.
The coach finally dismissed the players. They put in three long hours of practice.
We hope to climb the highest mountain Mt. Washington in the Presidential Range.
During the solo, someone in the audience commented, “That student Phoebe Robinson is a very talented musician.”
After Jennifer’s trip to Mexico June 15-25, she became very interested in Aztec culture.

74. Summarize!

75. W.C. Ch. 25 cont.
Hyphen Vs. Dash

76. What is the hyphen?
The hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark used in connecting elements of compound words and in expressing numbers
She is my sister-in-law.
It has been fifty-six years since that happened.
Please complete numbers 1-10 for homework.

77. Hyphens with Numbers
Use a hyphen for all two-word numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine
Twenty-five
Use a hyphen when you use a fraction as an adjective BUT not when you use it as a noun
The class is three-fourths full.
Two thirds of the students are here.
Range of numbers
Read pages

78. Minute to Win it: Nouns (14)
To be an American is to understand the beauty of freedom. It is to have an appreciation for the sacrifices that so many men and women have made to purchase that freedom. Americans are able to maintain their own beliefs and ideals even if those thoughts are not popular. To be an American is a gift that we should both recognize and treasure.

79. Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes
Use a hyphen after a prefix followed by a proper noun or adjective
anti-American
post-Revolutionary
Use a hyphen with these prefixes: all-, ex-, and self-
self-control
all-powerful
ex-leader
Use a hyphen with the suffix –elect
president-elect

80. Hyphens with Compound nouns
Use a hyphen to connect two or more nouns that are used as one compound word, unless a dictionary gives a different spelling
son-in-law
great-grandmother
Examples of exceptions: classroom, butterfly, etc.

81. Hyphens with Compound Modifiers
Use a hyphen to connect a compound modifier that comes BEFORE a noun
a well-known actor
The quit-while-you’re-ahead look
**Exception** don’t use a hyphen if it includes a word that ends in –ly or it is a proper adjective
The poorly written text
South Asian tourist

82. Hyphens to divide words
AVOID dividing words when possible. If you must, always divide it between syllables, and the hyphen should stay on the first line
Marcia seems to have taken my advice most seri-ously.
Only divide a hyphenated word at the existing hyphen: “It seems students are taking an ever-increasing interest in the environment…”
DO NOT divide if…
The word is one syllable
One letter will be left alone
It is a proper noun or adjective

83. Practice: Add Hyphens Success builds self confidence.
Red hot embers glowed in the fireplace.
My sister in law teachers 3rd grade.
Fifty five people attended the event.
The adventurers will need an off road vehicle to get to that remote campsite.

84. What is the Dash?
The dash (—) is a punctuation mark used in separating elements within a sentence
It was Amelia Johnson—or, at least I think it was her—that ran for student body president.
An appositive—please write this down—is a word or group of words that immediately follows a noun to rename it or give more information.
One of the most influential men of all time was George Washington—president, general, and bold leader.
It felt like she was being followed—and she was.

85. And finally—the dash. The dash should be used with
The DASH can indicate:
A strong, sudden break in thought or speech
I can’t believe how quickly we arrived—hey, where are you going?
I read a book—it is in the library—about dinosaurs that have been newly discovered.
Used in place of in other words, namely, or that is before an explanation
Dario reads books for one purpose—to learn.

86. Practice: Add Dashes
There’s only one thing I still need to pack for my trip sunscreen.
All of the preparations for the dance including the decorations have been made.
Head east on the trail wait, you forgot the map!
The money thirty dollars is on the table.

87. Connects elements of words & numbers
The Dash VS. The Hyphen
DASH—
Hyphen-
Separates ideas, phrases, words, etc. in order to express meaning or emotion
Connects elements of words & numbers
Uses a short line

88. Summarize!

89. W.C. Ch. 25 cont.
Ellipses

90. Ellipses… Consists of three evenly spaced periods—ellipsis points.
The plural of ellipsis is ellipses.

91. Uses of Ellipses
Shows where words have been omitted from a quoted text
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” – Abraham Lincoln
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth…a new nation…dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” – Abraham Lincoln
Note: You do not need an ellipses to show an omission at the beginning of material you are quoting—only if it is within the material.

92. Ellipses in advertising
What is happening in this movie review?
Actual Review: “I am amazed that anyone would think this movie is exciting or even worth seeing.”
Ad. Wording: “…exciting…worth seeing…”

93. Uses of Ellipses
Shows an omission, pause, or interruption in the middle of a sentence
“But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate…this ground.”
Marks a pause in a dialogue or speech
I think…hmmm…I think you might be wrong.
NOTE: use an ellipses and an end mark to show an omission or pause at the end of a sentence
“I don’t know if we can do it. Maybe we could…”

94. Practice: tell if the ellipses is showing a pause or an omission
Wow…I don’t know how to thank you.
John F. Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you…”
Mom…are you sure I can’t go to Max’s house after I finish my homework?
Well…um…let me think about it.
In her review, Kate wrote, “This exciting movie kept me on the edge of my seat…I can’t wait to see it again.”

95. Summarize!