1. Chapter 08 Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

2. Introduction Joints (Articulations):
Functional junctions between bones
Bind parts of skeletal system together
Make bone growth possible
Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions

3. 8.1: Types of Joints Structural Classification of Joints: Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Functional Classification of Joints:
Synarthrotic—immovable
Amphiarthrotic—slightly movable
Diarthrotic—freely movable

4. Fibrous Joints
Fibrous joints are held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers; found in bones in close contact
There are 3 types of fibrous joints:
Syndesmosis
Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis:
Bones bound by a sheet of
dense connective tissue
(interosseous membrane) or a
bundle of dense connective tissue
(interosseous ligament)
Amphiarthrotic (flexible, may twist)
Lies between tibia and fibula

5. Syndesmosis (Interosseous membrane)
Fibrous Joints
Sutures
Gomphosis (Teeth)
Syndesmosis (Interosseous membrane)

6. Fibrous Joints Suture: Gomphosis: Between flat bones of skull
Thin layer of connective
tissue (sutural ligament)
connects bones
Synarthrotic (immovable)
Gomphosis:
Cone-shaped bony process in a
socket in jawbone
Tooth in jawbone by periodontal
ligament

7. Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
There are 2 types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Synchondrosis:
Bands of hyaline cartilage unite
bones
Some are temporary, such as
epiphyseal plate
Between manubrium and the
first rib

8. Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis: Pad of fibrocartilage between bones
Amphiarthrotic (limited movement)
Pubic symphysis
Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral discs)

9. Synovial Joints Synovial Joints: Most joints are synovial joints
All are diarthrotic joints
Structure of s synovial joint:
Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones
Joint capsule, consists of 2 layers:
- Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments
- Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid

10. General Structure of Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are more complex than other types of joints, and contain the following parts:
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Synovial membrane
Synovial cavity
Synovial fluid
Meniscus (-i) in some joints
Bursa (-ae) in some joints

11. Types of Synovial Joints
There are 6 types of synovial joints, classified by shape and movements they allow:
Ball-and-Socket Joint:
Round head in cup-shaped cavity
Widest range of motion
Multiaxial, plus rotation
Hip, shoulder
Condylar Joint:
Oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity
Back-and-forth, side-to-side movement
Biaxial movement, no rotation
Joints between metacarpals &
phalanges

12. Types of Synovial Joints
Plane Joint:
Almost flat, or slightly curved
Back-and-forth and twisting
Nonaxial movement
Wrist and ankle joints
Hinge Joint:
Convex surface fits into concave
surface of other bone
Uniaxial movement (in 1 plane)
Elbow, joints between phalanges

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint:
Cylindrical surface rotates
within ring of other bone
Uniaxial movement
Rotation only
Atlas (C1) and dens of axis (C2)
Saddle Joint:
Both bones have concave and
convex surfaces
Biaxial movement (in 2 planes)
Carpal & metacarpal of thumb

14. Types of Joint Movements
Abduction / adduction
Flexion / extension / hyperextension
Lateral flexion

15. Types of Joint Movements
Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
Circumduction / rotation
Medial rotation / lateral rotation
Supination / pronation

16. Types of Joint Movements
Inversion / eversion
Protraction / retraction
Elevation / depression

17. Shoulder Joint Shoulder Joint: Ball-and-socket Head of humerus and
glenoid cavity of scapula
Loose joint capsule
Ligaments prevent displacement
Glenoid labrum
Several bursae
Very wide range of movement,
including rotation, circumduction

18. Shoulder Joint Major ligaments of the shoulder joint:
Coracohumeral ligament
Glenohumeral ligaments
Transverse humeral ligament

19. Elbow Joint Elbow Joint: Contains 2 articulations: Hinge joint:
- Between trochlea of humerus
and trochlear notch of ulna
- Flexion / extension only
Plane (gliding) joint:
- Between capitulum of humerus
and fovea on head of radius
- Pronation / supination
Several reinforcing ligaments

20. Elbow Joint Major ligaments of elbow joint: Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
Anular ligament

21. Hip Joint Hip Joint: Ball-and-socket joint Head of femur and
acetabulum of hip bone
Acetabular labrum
Heavy joint capsule
Many reinforcing ligaments
Variety of movement, yet less
than at shoulder joint

22. Hip Joint Major ligaments of the hip joint:
Iliofemoral ligament (strongest ligament in body)
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament

23. Knee Joint Knee Joint: Largest & most complex joint 3 bones:
Femur: Medial and lateral
condyles of distal end
Tibia: Medial and lateral
condyles of proximal end
Patella: Articulates with
anterior surface of femur
Strengthened by many ligaments
and tendons
Cushioned by bursae, fat pads
Menisci separate femur and tibia

24. Knee Joint Major ligaments of the knee joint:
Patellar ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Tibial (medial) collateral
ligament
Fibular (lateral) collateral
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Knee joint characteristics:
Modified hinge joint between condyles
Flexion / extension
Some rotation when knee is flexed
Plane joint between femur & patella

25. Clinical Application 8.2 Joint Disorders Sprains:
Tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation
Bursitis:
Inflammation of a bursa, from overuse or stress
Arthritis:
Inflammation, swelling, and pain in a joint
- Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease
- Osteoarthritis: degenerative, most common type, occurs with aging
- Lyme arthritis: caused by Lyme disease, passed through tick bite

26. 8.4: Lifespan Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
Many people develop arthritis as they age
Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer