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Chapter 7 - The Hebrews (Ancient Israel)

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1 Chapter 7 - The Hebrews (Ancient Israel)
The star of David – sacred Jewish symbol

2 Civilizations Location
Ancient Era Asia Europe Mesopotamia c BC to 539 BC Hebrews c BC to c. 70 AD Egypt c BC to c. 150 BC China c BC to c. 220 AD Africa India c BC to c. 500s AD

3 Objectives Identify the landforms that have an impact on Hebrew development and culture. Identify Abraham and Moses and explain their importance to Hebrew history and religion. Explain why the Hebrews migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan and from Canaan to Egypt.

4 Landforms Important to Ancient Israel
Much of Mesopotamia was ruled by the Hittites at the time and were enemies of Israel. Nile River (Egypt). Egypt was sometimes an ally of Israel and later an enemy. Evaporating water from the Mediterranean Sea brings rain to Israel The Sinai Peninsula was a barrier between Israel and Egypt The Jordan River provided fresh water and silt for Israel. Asia Minor had the mountains which provided the melting snow to flood the Jordan.

5 The Early Hebrews The First Hebrews
The first Hebrews were simple herders. They were nomads who were always looking for grazing land. (What group does this remind you of?) Much of the history of the Hebrews was written down by Hebrew scribes. They also wrote down their religious laws. These writings became the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew Bible is a part of the Christian Bible and the Koran. 5

6 The Hebrew religion is called Judaism
The Hebrew religion is called Judaism. The people that believe in this religion are called Jews (also known later as Israelites). The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back to a man named Abraham. He originally lived in Mesopotamia (Ur). According to the Hebrew Bible, God told Abraham to leave his home and go to a land He would show him. God did not tell Abraham where he was being sent, but promised if he was faithful, he would make his descendants into a mighty nation. 6.40 Examine the development of the ancient Israelites, tracing their migrations from Mesopotamia to Canaan, later called Israel, and explain the significant roles of Abraham and Moses in their history. (C, H, G) This accounts for the first Hebrew migration… from Mesopotamia to Canaan. 6

7 According to Hebrew history, a boy named Joseph was hated by his brothers because he was their father’s favorite. They sold him to Egyptian slave traders to get rid of him. As a slave in Egypt, Joseph became a trusted advisor to the pharaoh because he predicted a great drought can came up with a plan to prepare. Pharaoh made Joseph the second most powerful man in Egypt as a reward. When a famine struck Canaan, Joseph’s father sent the brothers to Egypt to buy food. Joseph forgave his brothers and told them to bring their father and their families to live in Egypt. 6.40 Examine the development of the ancient Israelites, tracing their migrations from Mesopotamia to Canaan, later called Israel, and explain the significant roles of Abraham and Moses in their history. (C, H, G) This accounts for their third migration… from Egypt back to Canaan. 7

8 The founder of Judaism _________________ lived in _________________, but was told by God to migrate to _______________. Which set of words accurately fills in the missing blanks above? Moses, Egypt, Canaan David, Jerusalem, Egypt Abraham, Mesopotamia, Canaan Saul, Philistines, Egypt

9 Which landform did the Hebrews have to cross as they left Egypt on their way to Canaan (the promised land)? Nile River Sinai Peninsula Mediterranean Sea Asia Minor

10 Objectives Describe the circumstances of the Hebrews gaining their freedom from Egypt. Detail how the religion of Judaism became more organized during the Exodus. List the three kings of the Hebrews and describe their major accomplishments.

11 The Hebrews lived in peace in Egypt for a while
The Hebrews lived in peace in Egypt for a while. However, when their population began to grow, pharaoh feared they might one day overthrow him. So he made them slaves. According to the Hebrew Bible, a man named Moses was told by God to lead his people out of Egypt. To convince pharaoh to free the Hebrews, God sent ten plagues on Egypt. After these plagues, the Hebrews were freed. Their journey out of Egypt back to Canaan was called the Exodus. This was a very important event in Hebrew history. 11

12 During the Exodus, the Hebrew texts say that God gave the Hebrews a code of moral laws known as the Ten Commandments. These ten commandments began the first laws in the new religion called Judaism. By following the Ten Commandments, the Hebrews agreed to worship only God and live a good, moral life. Moses would add other laws as God gave them. These laws that God gave to moses (including the 10 Commandments) are known as Mosaic Law. 6.42 Describe the unification of the tribes of Israel under Kings Saul, David, and Solomon, including David’s founding of Jerusalem as his capital city in 1000 BC/BCE and the building of the first temple by Solomon. (G, H, P) 12

13 These laws covered a lot of different subjects
These laws covered a lot of different subjects. There were civil laws (laws that apply to keeping the peace) and religious laws. Many of the laws also listed the punishment for breaking the law (much like Hammurabi’s Code). The Hebrews lived in the area of Canaan for some time as 12 different tribes. Sometimes a religious leader, often called a judge, would tell them what God wanted, or lead them into battle, but they did not have anything like a king. That started to changed once they were invaded by a group known as the Philistines.

14 Hebrew Kings An invasion forced the Hebrews to unite together. They chose a single ruler to lead them into battle. According to the Hebrew Bible the people demanded that God give them a king. God wanted to rule over them, but gave in and had a prophet choose a man named Saul, but the prophet warned the people that he would eventually abuse the people. Saul was the first king the Hebrews ever had, but they were not yet a country. Saul never fully united the 12 tribes. 14

15 Saul had a lot of early victories
Saul had a lot of early victories. However, according to the Hebrew Bible, Saul was not faithful and offered a sacrifice to God before a major battle instead of waiting for the prophet Samuel to come perform the sacrifice. From that moment on, God “removed his blessing from him.” The Hebrew Bible says that Saul began to have “evil spirits” come upon him from time to time. During these times he became very angry and often did things that a good king would not do. The temple was so big and so fancy, it was a symbol of their wealth and power. It was also where they believed the spirit of God lived among them, so it was very important to their faith. This temple was destroyed by the Babylonians later when they take over Jerusalem. 15

16 While Saul was king, a young boy began to gain popularity with the Hebrews.
According to Hebrew history, David killed a Philistine giant, Goliath, which made David famous. When he reached adulthood, he was a great warrior in Saul’s army. Saul and his son Johnathan died in battle with the Philistines. David became king. David finally defeated the Philistines and drove them out of Canaan. The Hebrews united behind David and he made them a nation called Israel. David made the capital city Jerusalem it was neutral and near the center of Israel. United, Israel was able to hold off their enemies. Once they divided into separate kingdoms, they were weaker and vulnerable to invasion. When the Assyrians invade the northern kingdom of Israel, they utterly destroy it, and no records show what happened to the ten tribes of Hebrews that made up that kingdom. (The Ten lost Tribes is a fascinating subject of research). The kingdom of Judah held out for longer and the Chaldeans (Babylonians) kept great records, so historians know more about them. 16

17 He was so good, he was the personal musician of King Saul.
This is a famous painting of King David. Notice that he has a crown and a scepter, symbols of royal power, but he also has a flute because he was a famous musician. He was so good, he was the personal musician of King Saul. There has been more than one Diaspora in Hebrew history. Usually it refers to this one, or the one that happened when Judah was part of the Roman Empire. 17

18 After David’s death, his son, Solomon, became king
After David’s death, his son, Solomon, became king. Solomon was also a strong king. He became allies with Egypt and Phoenicia. Trade with them made Israel very wealthy. Solomon also built a temple in Jerusalem which became a symbol of the Hebrew power and faith. 18

19 Which of the following leaders would have accomplishments similar to Menes?
David Nebuchadnezzar Solomon Wudi

20 Which of the following formed the first basic religious laws for Judaism?
Ten Commandments Dead Sea Scrolls Vedas Analects

21 Objectives Describe how Israel divides into two separate kingdoms and explain the impact it had on their national security. Define the Diaspora and describe the circumstances surrounding it. Describe how Hebrew women were treated in Hebrew culture.

22 Israel Invaded After Solomon’s death, there was a civil war over who should be king. The nation broke into two parts, one called Israel and one called Judah. Israel was destroyed by the Assyrians, and Judah was taken over by the Chaldeans. The Chaldeans destroyed Solomon’s Temple and carried many Jews to Babylon as slaves by King Nebuchadnezzar. Few Jews were left behind in what was Israel. The Hebrews would eventually be freed by the Persians and allowed to return home. 6.41 Describe the monotheistic religion of the Israelites, including: (C, H) · the belief in one God (monotheism) · the Ten Commandments · the emphasis on individual worth and personal responsibility · the belief that all people must adhere to the same moral obligations, whether ruler or ruled · the Torah and the Hebrew Bible as part of the history of early Israe The definition of monotheism and Judaism as the first monotheistic religion are very important concepts and the ones most likely to show up on TN-Ready in some way. There were some religions who flirted with monotheism. Some pharaohs in Egypt tried to force the people to believe there was only one god, but it never caught on for the whole religion. Judaism started off monotheistic and continues to be, so it is credited as being the first. 22

23 The Persians were also known as the Medes, so the Persian Empire and the Median empire are the same thing. Their leader was a man named Cyrus the Great. Whenever he conquered a new territory, he would free the people who had been enslaved by the former rulers. He gave the Hebrews their freedom, and permission to rebuild the temple and the walls around the city of Jerusalem. Even though they had the freedom to return to their homeland, very few of them did. 6.41 Describe the monotheistic religion of the Israelites, including: (C, H) · the belief in one God (monotheism) · the Ten Commandments · the emphasis on individual worth and personal responsibility · the belief that all people must adhere to the same moral obligations, whether ruler or ruled · the Torah and the Hebrew Bible as part of the history of early Israel Major Jewish Holidays Passover – they are commanded to celebrate Passover to remind them of the night the Angel of Death passed over their homes and only killed the firstborn Egyptian sons. It’s an important holiday to mark their freedom from slavery in Egypt. Hanukkah – celebrated to remember a miracle performed after the Hebrews defeated the Greeks and won their independence. They were dedicating their temple after kicked the Greeks out. There was a special oil that had to light the lamps of the temple. It took eight says to make the special oil. They only had enough oil to keep the lamps going for one night, but the oil miraculously lasted for eight nights until new oil could be made. Also called the Festival of Lights. High Holy Days: made up of Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year), and Yom Kippur (a day set aside to ask for the forgiveness of sins.) 23

24 Interactive Map Jewish Diaspora
It had been about 80 years since they were conquered. Many did not even remember their homes. Many were born and had grown up in Babylon. Because of this, many chose not to return and spread throughout the Persian Empire. This was the first time a large number of Hebrews chose to stay away from their homeland. It is known as the first Diaspora. While many Jews returned home, they were not independent. They were a part of the Persian Empire. They would become a part of the Greek Empire under Alexander the Great. Interactive Map Jewish Diaspora 24

25 The Jews gained independence again in the 160s B. C
The Jews gained independence again in the 160s B.C. when a family called the Maccabees led a revolt against the Greeks Their independence only lasted about 100 years before they were conquered again by the Romans. Maccabees Revolt

26 Hebrew Women Like most women in the Ancient world, Hebrew women did not have many rights. They could not own land, or choose who they married. Some women still managed have a great influence on Hebrew history, however. A woman named Esther became queen during the Persian empire and saved the Jews from being wiped out by convincing the king to help save them. A woman named Deborah even led the armies of Israel in battle over their enemies on one occasion. Moses’ sister, Miriam was a religious leader. 26

27 Who was the last king of a united Israel before the nation split into two separate kingdoms (Israel and Judah)? David Saul Solomon Nebuchadnezzar

28 Adopted by pharaoh’s daughter. Hears God’s voice from a burning bush
Adopted by pharaoh’s daughter Hears God’s voice from a burning bush Leads Hebrews during the Exodus Who is this diagram referring to? Abraham Moses Saul David

29 Objectives Identify the Hebrew sacred text. Define monotheism.
Describe the primary beliefs of Judiasm.

30 Jewish Beliefs and Texts
The Jews were the first monotheistic religion. Monotheism means belief in one God. The Jews believed God had guided them through prophets like Abraham, Moses, Deborah, and other leaders. Some of the main ideas of the Jewish religion are education, belief in justice, belief in righteousness, and obedience to the law. Education is very important to Hebrews as they believe it helps give them more freedom. 30

31 They believe in justice and righteousness
They believe in justice and righteousness. Even the leaders must follow the religious law. King David had a soldier killed so that he could marry that soldier’s wife. He was held accountable for his actions by Nathan the prophet, and God punished him for his actions. Most Jews also think religious laws are very important. Their most important religious laws were given through Moses. These laws include how to celebrate certain holidays and not to work on the Sabbath Day which begins at sundown on Friday and end at sundown on Saturday. 31

32 They must also have their food prepared a certain way (kosher).
The laws of Moses, also called Mosaic law, forbids the Jews to eat certain foods. They may not eat the meat of any animal with a cloven hoof (sorry no bacon) or the meat of any scavenger (eats other dead animals for its food). They must also have their food prepared a certain way (kosher). Jewish Texts The most sacred book of Judaism is the Torah. 32

33 The Torah includes a history of the Jews up to the death of Moses.
The Torah makes up the first of three parts of the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew Bible is called the Tanach. The second part of the Hebrew Bible is eight books describing the messages of the prophets. The third part is made up of 11 books of poetry, songs, stories, lessons, and history. Also included in this part is a book of proverbs, and a book of psalms. 33

34 Another sacred text of the Jews is the Talmud
Another sacred text of the Jews is the Talmud. This book includes lessons that Jewish scholars have taught. The Dead Sea Scrolls are also very important. They give us information about Jewish history up to the Roman occupation. It also includes some of the oldest copies of Hebrew Scripture and the Old Testament. How it effects us Judaism influenced the development of two others; Christianity and Islam. Many cultures still follow the rules of the Ten Commandments, and use them to make laws. 34

35 A very important artifact that allowed historians to read about the history of the Jews during Roman rule was the ... Ten Commandments Rosetta Stone Hanging Gardens of Babylon Dead Sea Scrolls

36 What is the primary difference between Judaism and the other religions present at the time?
The Jews sacrificed animals to please their god. The Jews believed that there was only one God. The Jews did not believe in an afterlife. Judaism does not have a moral code for behavior.

37 Objectives Describe the relationship between the Jews and the Romans.
Explain how Judaism survived the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of Jews outside Judea.

38 Judaism and the Romans A group of Jews called the Zealots started a revolt against the Romans. The revolt lasted four years, but was not successful. During this revolt, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple the Jews had rebuilt. After this revolt, the relationship between the Jews and the Romans was ruined. Many Jews were killed, and the others were made slaves. Since the temple was destroyed, many Jews left Jerusalem and spread to other parts of the empire. David actually grew up as one of Paul servants because he was such a talented musician. As he got older, David grew as a warrior, and Saul saw him as a threat to the throne and even tried to kill David. David and Saul’s son Jonathan were best friends, so Jonathan tipped him off. David had to run away to the wilderness to avoid Saul. 38

39 Usually, when the homeland of a people is destroyed, the culture of the people dies. This was not true to the Hebrews. Their culture remained strong, but it changed to survive. The Jewish religion revolved around the temple ever since Solomon built it. Now that it was destroyed, the way in which Jews worshipped changed. The Jews had teachers called rabbis. They were not as powerful as the priest while the temple was around. After the destruction of the temple, they took on the responsibility of teaching the Torah.

40 Since the Jews no longer had a temple, they started worshipping at local temples called synagogues. Rabbis often taught at these synagogues. The Zealots and many other Jews kept rebelling against the Romans until eventually the Romans exiled all Jews from Jerusalem and renamed the land. The changed the name of the land from Judea to Palestine. The Jews would not have their own country again until after the Holocaust when Israel was once again made a nation by the United Nations.

41 Hanukkah TEN PLAGUES OF EGYPT PASSOVER HOLIDAY
Jewish Holiday Videos Hanukkah TEN PLAGUES OF EGYPT PASSOVER HOLIDAY

42 Which group conquered the Chaldeans (Babylonians) and gave the Hebrew slaves their freedom allowing some to return to Canaan? Assyrians (Mesopotamians) Persians (Medes) Egyptians Philistines (Hittites)

43 King David chose this neutral city near the center of Israel to serve as the nation’s capital.
Jerusalem Alexandria Babylon Kalinga

44 Who was the man who served as Israel’s first king?
Abraham Moses Saul David

45 What river made the Hebrew civilization possible in the land of Canaan?
Jordan Nile Indus Tigris

46 Traditions and Holidays
One of the ways the Jews held on to their culture was through their holidays which remind them of their past. Hanukkah This holiday is celebrated in December. It reminds the Jews of a great victory of the Maccabees when the Jews won their independence from the Greeks. When the Jews celebrate this holiday, they light a candle on their “menorah” each night for eight nights. 6.40 Examine the development of the ancient Israelites, tracing their migrations from Mesopotamia to Canaan, later called Israel, and explain the significant roles of Abraham and Moses in their history. (C, H, G) This accounts for their second migration… from Canaan to Egypt. 46

47 Passover Passover is celebrated in March or April. It celebrates the Exodus. It marks the last plague of Egypt when the angel of death “passed over” the Hebrew homes. High Holy Days The High Holy Days are the most important Jewish holidays. They are celebrated in September or October. The first two days are called Rosh Hashanah and it marks the Jewish New Year. The second is Yom Kippur. This is the day the Jews ask God to forgive their sins. They consider it so holy they fast the whole day.

48 The Nile River The Sinai Peninsula The Mediterranean Sea Asia Minor
Which landform did the Hebrews have to cross as they left Egypt on their way to Canaan (the promised land) The Nile River The Sinai Peninsula The Mediterranean Sea Asia Minor

49 The holy book that records the religious laws and early history of the Hebrews is called the...
Analects Tanach Vedas Torah

50 Abraham, Mesopotamia, Canaan
The founder of Judaism _________________ lived in _________________, but was told by God to migrate to _______________. Which set of words accurately fills in the missing blanks above? Moses, Egypt, Canaan David, Jerusalem, Egypt Abraham, Mesopotamia, Canaan Saul, Philistines, Egypt

51 Which event was so traumatic for the Hebrews that many never returned to Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity? destruction of Solomon’s Temple slavery in Babylon being defeated by the Assyrians the Philistine invasion

52 Which religious leaders became much more important after the destruction of the Second Temple as the Jews scattered throughout the known world? rabbis prophets slaves priests

53 Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel [to King David]: "I anointed you king over Israel… and gave you the house of Israel and of Judah; and if that were too little, then would I have added unto you so much more. Why have you despised the word of the LORD, to do that which is evil in My sight? Uriah the Hittite you have killed with the sword, and his wife you have taken to be your wife… Now therefore, the sword shall never depart from your house; because you have despised Me." Hebrew Bible, Book of Samueladapted from JPS 1917 Edition What does this passage indicate about Jewish beliefs?  Rulers are the only ones who are able to communicate with God. Rulers cannot rely on God's assistance and must trust in themselves. Rulers are not able to disobey God because they have God's blessing. Rulers must follow the same moral standards as anybody else.

54 India Mesopotamia Nubia Greece
[IMAGE]The above diagram represents the locations and migrations of the Hebrews before settling in Canaan. Which location best completes the chart?  India Mesopotamia Nubia Greece

55 Saul David Solomon Moses
"You know that David my father could not build a house for the name of the LORD his God because of the wars which were about him on every side, until the LORD put them under the soles of my feet. But now the LORD my God has given me rest on every side; there is neither enemy, nor evil event. And, behold, I intend to build a house for the name of the LORD my God, as the LORD spoke to David my father, saying: 'Your son, whom I will set upon your throne in your room, he shall build the house for My name.' " Hebrew Bible, Book of Kingsadapted from JPS 1917 EditionThis passage describes the context for the construction of the First Temple. Who was the Hebrew king who built this temple?  Saul David Solomon Moses

56 being honest education individual worth monotheism
After the destruction of the temple and the Diaspora, Jews believed that reading the Torah was a very important way to learn about what God wanted them to do. Which of these qualities became very important to Judaism because of this belief? being honest education individual worth monotheism

57 Which Babylonian king enslaved many of the Jews and forced them to migrate to Babylon?
Cyrus the Great Sargon Nebuchadnezzar Solomon

58 Jews could no longer live in Jerusalem.
After a series of Jewish revolts in the Roman Empire, the Roman government got much stricter in their treatment of the Jews. Which of these was not a result of the Jewish revolts? Jews could no longer live in Jerusalem. Romans renamed the territory from Judah to Palestein. The second temple was destroyed. All Jews living in the Roman Empire were enslaved.

59 Which of the following landforms did not border the land of Canaan?
Sinai Peninsula Egypt Mesopotamia Mediterranean Sea

60 Which of the following phrases would not describe a Jewish belief?
The king does not have to follow the law. There is only one God. I am responsible for my own actions. I should always do the right and honest thing.

61 According to the Hebrew Bible, what finally convinced the pharaoh to set the Hebrew slaves free?
The Jews threatened to rebel against Egypt. The 10 Plagues of Egypt The Exodus A new pharaoh took the throne and freed them.

62 Which of the following areas was never home to the Hebrews?
Mesopotamia Canaan Egypt Asia Minor


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