1. Biochemistry
Notes pt. 3

2. Four Main Types of Organic Molecules that Make up living things
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS (fats) PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS
We call these four main types of carbon- based molecules MACROMOLECULES • 
These substances have
certain MOLECULAR
STRUCTURES & BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

3. Organic Compounds Contain Carbon & Hydrogen
Necessary for life to exist
Macromolecules with a carbon backbone
These backbones can be 3 different forms

4. Different Backbone forms
C – C – C – C – C – C (straight chain)
C – C
C – C – C – C – C
(branched)
C – C – C C C C
(ring) C C C

5. Backbone form
The shape depends on the arrangement of the carbon atoms that make up the backbone
The shape defines the properties and function in living organisms.

6. CHNOPS WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ORGANIC MOLECULES?? MAKE UP Answer :• 
MAKE UP • 
Answer : • 
Organic molecules MUST be made of Carbon &
Hydrogen. They CAN contain Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus & Sulfur.

7. Monomers & Polymers of organic molecules
Monomer – base unit or a building block of a polymer (macromolecules)
Mono means ONE
Poly means MANY
Polymer (macromolecules) – many monomers bonded together (long chain unit)
Examples:
Amino acids are the monomers (building blocks) of Proteins.
Monosaccharides are monomers of Carbohydrates

8. Monomers & Polymers
Monomer
Polymer

9. Remember, Remember…
Monomers (building blocks) covalently bond together to form a polymer (macromolecule)

10. Organic Molecules of Living Things
In addition to hydrogen and carbon they contain atoms of other elements
They tend to be large and complex

11. Macromolecule 1: CARBOHYDRATES
Simple Sugars
Complex Carbs

12. Macromolecule 1: CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides

13. CARBOHYDRATES C6H12O6 Macromolecule 1:
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies to store potential energy & release energy when our bodies need to use it.
They are made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen.
The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide.
Carbohydrates have a ratio of about 2 Hydrogens to 1 •  •  •  • 
Carbon to 1 Oxygen. Glucose =
C6H12O6

14. What is Your Function?
The primary function of carbohydrates is for short-term energy storage (sugars are for Energy).
A secondary function is intermediate-term energy storage (as in starch for plants and glycogen for animals).

15. MONOSACCHARIDES vs. DISACCHARIDES vs. POLYSACCHARIDES
•  MONO = One
•  DI= Two
POLY= Many
•  Monosaccharides like glucose & fructose
can
combine together to form:
•  Disaccharides like sucrose which combine together to form:
•  Polysaccharides (polymer) like starch & cellulose.
•  WHICH IS BIGGER?
A monosaccharide or a
disaccharide or a polysaccharide?

16. Monosaccharides
Some carbohydrates are relatively small molecules, the most important to us is glucose which has 6 carbon atoms.
These simple sugars are called monosaccharides

17. Disaccharides
Hooking two monosaccharides together forms a more complex sugar.
Compounds such as sucrose are called Disaccharides (two sugars).
Both monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water.

18. Polysaccharides
Larger, more complex carbohydrates are formed by linking shorter units together to form long or very long sugar chains called Polysaccharides.
Because of their size, these are often times not soluble in water.

19. Monosaccharides BUILD POLYSACCHARIDES

20. But wait! There’s More
Many biologically important compounds such as starches and cellulose are Polysaccharides.

21. Complex Carbohydrate
Large polymers of sugars are called Carbohydrates.
The term Complex Carbohydrate, or sometimes even just Carbohydrate refers to long chains of sugars.
Three common types of complex carb's are:
Starch – used for long term energy storage in plants
Cellulose – used for plant cell wall structure
Glycogen – used for long term energy storage in humans

22. Monomers JOIN TOGETHER!...But how!?
The subunits (monomers) of the macromolecules (polymers) are covalently-bonded.
The covalent bonds between the subunits are always formed by a type of reaction
This reaction is called Dehydration Synthesis (making something while losing water – get it? LOSING WATER… DEHYDRATION!)

23. Dehydration Synthesis
•  When a water (H & OH) is removed from monosaccharides, a disaccharide can be formed.
•  When combining monosaccharides to form a
disaccharide, there usually has to be a loss
H and an OH.
•  This is also known as DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS because a water molecule is removed. of an

24. So, what happens?
During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is lost, electrons are rearranged, and a new bond is formed between the subunits.

25. COVALENT BOND FORMS

26. Hydrolysis
Your body wants to BREAK DOWN disaccharides into simple sugars (monosaccharides).
•  
•  
When breaking down a disaccharide into
monosaccharides, a water (a H and an OH) is
added back into the two simple sugars.