1. Chapter 7 LECTURE OUTLINE The Geography of language
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Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan
Chapter 7 LECTURE OUTLINE The Geography of language
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2. Basic Components of Language
A system of communication using sounds, gestures, marks, and signs
Written system is not required
Phonemes
The sounds in a language
Early writing was often pictographic
Such as cuneiform
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3. Variants--Dialects, etc.
Variations of sounds & vocabulary in a language
Idiom
A language usage peculiar to a certain group
Patois
Generally refers to rural or provincial speech or region
Vernacular
A local form of a language, often contrasted with another “official” language
Can also refer to architecture and other cultural traits in an isolated area
Accent
Differences in how a language sounds or is spoken
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4. Lingua Franca Lingua Franca Pidgin
A common language used for cross-cultural communication or for trade
Examples include Kiswalhili, Russian, French,
Pidgin
A simplified language used by people who don’t speak the same language
Different from a lingua franca because it generally refers to a language that is nobody’s native language
Usually has a simplified vocabulary
Creole
A pidgin that is adopted by a group as its primary language
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5. Language Families Language Family
Collection of languages with a common ancestor (proto-language)
Today, 6,800 languages grouped into about 120 language families—20 major families
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6. Geography of English
“Standard” English {as used in Geography} is known as Received Pronunciation (RP)
The English of educated British speakers in London
American English started splitting 500 years ago
Regional dialects and pidgins such as Gullah
Distinct varieties in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, etc.
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7. English Today
Figure 7D.1
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8. Dialect Areas in the U.S. Figure 7D.2
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9. Language Isolation & Extinction
Languages change over space & time
Language Divergence
When a language splits into two new languages
Latin became French, Spanish, Romanian, etc.
Language Convergence
When two languages merge into one
Language Isolate
A language that belongs to no language family
Language Extinction
The death of a language
300 languages have died since the year 1500
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10. Toponymy-- The study of place names
A place name can reflect:
Physical features
Bend
A function that happened at a place
Newport
Current or past cultures in the area, including a locale from which residents migrated
Monmouth; Yamhill
Cultural Values and Ideas, such as patriotism
Independence
An individual’s name
Eugene
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11. Language Conflict Conflict over language and place names is common
shatterbelts
(FYROM) Macedonia’s name angered Greece
Israelis and Palestinians have changed names to indicated control of a space
Arabian Gulf or Persian Gulf?
Official language debates in the U.S.
Quebec nationalist movements
The French battle against loan words
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12. Translation—Issues Accuracy— “love” Idiomatic Usage– “pulling my leg”
Ambiguity— “burn that log”
Change over time— “sad”
Mental Map (“worldview”)— “Namaste” Koran
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13. Chapter 8 LECTURE OUTLINE The Geography of RELIGION
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Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan
Chapter 8 LECTURE OUTLINE The Geography of RELIGION
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14. Classifying Religions
A cultural system of beliefs, traditions, and practices often centered around the worship of a deity or deities
Universalizing religions
Religions that seek to convert nonbelievers
Examples: Christianity, Islam
Ethnic religions
A religion closely associated with a particular ethnic group
Examples: Judaism, Shinto
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15. World Religions Figure 8B.1
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16. Hinduism 1 At least 4,000-5,000 years old
Geographically concentrated in India and British colonial areas
1 million Hindus in the United States
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17. Hindu Beliefs Dharma Karma Reincarnation
One’s duties or obligations in life
Basis of the caste system
Karma
Every action has consequences
Can affect your next life
Reincarnation
A person’s soul goes through cycles of death and rebirth
When an organism dies, the soul passes to another life form
The cycle can be broken (moksha)
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18. Hindu Worship Polytheistic Scripture Hindu Scripture
Millions of gods and goddesses
Vishnu & Shiva have large sects
Scripture
Holy books; connection between the divine and the human
Hindu Scripture
The Vedas
Ganesh
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19. Buddhism 1
Based on the teachings of Siddhartha in the 5th-6th century BCE
Buddhists believe that all living things are reborn, but the cycle can be broken
Four Noble Truths
Life is suffering
Suffering is caused by desire and craving
Suffering can be ended
Desire can be eliminated through the Eightfold Path
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20. Buddhism 2
After Buddha’s death, his teachings were passed down and eventually written down in the Pali Canon
Over time, Buddhism spread into 3 main forms
Theravada
Southeast Asia
Mahayana
China, East Asia, Southeast Asia
Vajrayana
Tibet & Mongolia
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21. Judaism 1 Small but influential faith Ethnic religion
Believe themselves to be the chosen people of God
Expelled from what is now Israel by the Romans
The Diaspora
Jewish populations settled throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and southern Europe
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22. Judaism 2 Worship in synagogues or temples
Believe God gave humans his law through the Torah—part of the Tanakh
Sabbath is Friday night and Saturday
Numerous annual holidays—religious calendar
Observant Jews are required to keep numerous commands, including a kosher diet
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23. Christianity Over 2 billion adherents Rooted in the Jewish tradition
Believe that Jesus is the Messiah
Christ is Greek for anointed one
Wide variety in ways that Christians worship
Sabbath is Sunday
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24. Islam 1 Younger than other major world religions
6th-7th century C.E. and the Prophet Muhammad
Calendar begins with the Hijra in 622 C.E.
Scripture--the Qur'an, which Muslims believe contain the actual words of God revealed to Muhammad
Disagreements over succession after Muhammad’s death led to
Major denominations—Sunni-leaders chose successsor; Shi’a-successor from Muhammad’s family
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25. Islam—Five Pillars of Islam {sister religions-analogous to Judaism}
Shahadah-Confession of faith. It is, simply, “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His Prophet.”{analog-Sh’mah, ‘There is only one God’}
Salat-Prayer. Muslims are expected to pray five times a day. During prayer, Muslims face in the direction of Mecca, no matter where they are in the world.{analog-Tifeelah, facing Jerusalem}
Zakayt-Charity. Muslims, except the poor, are expected to give one-fortieth of their income and possessions to the poor each year.{analog-Tz’dahkah}
Sawm-Fasting. No food nor drink from dawn to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan and for other purposes. {analog-T’zom, Yom Kippur (25 hours) and other days}
Haj-Pilgrimage. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford the journey is expected to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. {analog-pilgrimage to Jerusalem(not required)}
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26. Other Large Religious Groups 1
Chinese folk religions
Confucianism
Began in the 5th-6th centuries B.C.E.
Emphasizes proper relationships in society
Taoism
Mystical and esoteric
Focused on morality, self-restraint, & humility
African Traditional Religion
A catch-all term for dozens of traditions
Animistic
Emphasis is on maintaining order in society
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27. Other Large Religious Groups 2
Sikhism
Founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century in what is now Punjab in India/Pakistan
Rejected key ideas of Hinduism and Islam, the key religions in the area
About 20 million adherents worldwide
Jainism
Developed as a reaction to Hinduism in the 6th century B.C.E.
Goal is to eliminate sources of bad karma
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28. Other Large Religious Groups 3
Baha'i
Founded in the 19th century in what is now Iran & Iraq
Universalizing. Seeks to unite all the peoples of the world
About 6 million adherents
Shinto
Ancient, ethnic, religion of Japan
Animistic
Most Japanese will engage in both Shinto and Buddhist religious activities
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29. Landscapes of Religion 1
Unique buildings
Churches, mosques, temples, etc.
Some cities are organized around religious buildings
Religions also have internal geographies, like dioceses in the Catholic Church
Cemeteries, religious schools, monuments, etc.
Pilgrimage sites
Sacred vs. profane landscapes
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30. Landscapes of Religion 2
Types of Sacred Places (after Jackson & Henrie):
Historical sites
Western Wall* (Judaism)
Karbala, Iraq (Shi’ite Muslims)
Homelands
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico was home to Puebloan Indians
Mystico-Religious Sites
Places where the religion feels that a deity came into contact with humans
Dome of the Rock* (Muslims)
Bodhi Tree (Buddhists)
*many places combine multiple features
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