1. EN361 Solid Waste and Excreta Management
Numfon Eaktasang, Ph.D.
Thammasat University

3. Solid waste generation in Thailand

4. Solid waste generation in Thailand
Total solid waste generation = milion ton (2016)
1.14 kg/person/day

5. Landfill Site at Nakhon Si Thammarat Province
1 million ton of Solid Waste….“24 January 2017”…..

6. Flooding Lechate (Wastewater from landfill site)
“24 January 2017”

7. …..Landfill site in Samutprakarn Province…..
“16 March 2014”
…..Landfill site in Samutprakarn Province…..

8. “17 March 2014”
“23 March 2014”

9. …..Landfill site in Ayutthaya Province…..
“3 May 2014”
…..Landfill site in Ayutthaya Province…..

10. ….. Accumulated of Waste in Lebanon …..
“25 February 2016”
….. Accumulated of Waste in Lebanon …..

11. Definition Definition
Solid wastes are all wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted
Paper, plastic, food waste, wood etc.

12. Important Note by WHO Most human activities create waste
Majority of those waste are not, in themselves, a potential threat to health
but their correct management  help to minimize or avoid associated risks.
Solid waste  many forms + derived from many sources
Assessment of waste quality and composition vital
before deciding a waste management strategy
also provide an opportunity to evaluate the implications for
air + water pollution + occupational health

13. Pollution

14. Milestones in Garbage Management
Year Event
500 B.C. First city dump opened in Athens, Greece.
1388 English Parliament bans waste disposal in public waterways and ditches.
1400 Garbage piles up so high outside Paris gates that it interferes with the city defenses.
1690 Paper is made from recycled fibers at a mill near Philadelphia.
1842 A report in England links disease to filthy environmental conditions.
1874 In Nottingham, England, the “destructor” burns garbage and produces electricity. Ten years later, the first American incinerator opens in New York.
1898 The first energy recovery from garbage incineration in the United States started in New York City.

15. Milestones in Garbage Management
Year Event
1900's Pigs are use to help get rid of garbage in several cities. One expert said 75 pigs could consume one ton of garbage a day.
1904 First major aluminum recycling plants open in U.S.
1920's Landfilling becomes most popular way to get rid of garbage.
1959 The first guide to sanitary landfilling is published.
1968 Congress passes the first set of solid waste management laws.
1987 A garbage barge circles Long Island with no place to unload its cargo. Americans perceive a new garbage crisis.
1989 The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action, an Environmental Protection Agency report, advocated recycling as a waste management tool.

16. Solid Waste Management
GOAL
Limiting Risks of Disease Transmission
Limiting Risks of Environmental Pollution

17. Solid Waste Management
Past
Present

18. Key Facts for Waste Management in Asia
Some 75% of the world's poor live in Asia
Great pressure on land resources in the region
some 60% of population  depends on 30% of its land area
At least
one in three Asians has no access to safe drinking water
at least one in two has no access to sanitation
 including proper solid management services
Demand for primary energy in Asia
expected to double every 12 years (the world average is every 28 years)
Proportion of people living in urban centers < in developed countries
But rising rapidly + focused on a few urban centers

19. Solid Waste Management in the Future

20. Waste generation and characteristics
Low- income countries
Middle income countries
High-income countries
Waste amount
(kg/capita and day)
0.4 – 0.6
0.5 – 0.9
Waste density
(kg/m3)
250 – 500
170 – 330
100 – 170
Water content
(%)
40 -80
40 – 60
20 – 30
Composition
(% wet weight)
Organic
40 – 85
20 – 65
20 – 50
(CH = 22)
Paper & Cardboard
1 - 10
15 – 40
(21)
Gals & Ceramics
1 – 10
4 – 10
(3)
Metals
1 - 5
1 – 5
3 -13
(6)
Plastics
2 – 6
2 – 13
(13)
Dust & Ash
1 - 40
1 - 30
1 – 20
(5)
Low-income : < 360 US$ GNP /cap year
Middle income: >360, < 3500 US$ GNP/cap year

21. Impact of waste Anesthetics Nuisances Fire Places Breeding Places
Economic Loss
Pollutions

22. Air pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Leachate

23. Impact of waste management on health
WHO definition of health
'state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity'
Foundation for identifying factors associated with waste management
might have an impact on health
Factors may be
beneficial, damaging or neutral
present in the waste or formed during the waste management process

24. Health hazard associated with waste management methods
Factor
Landfill
Incineration
Composting
Physical hazards
Organic chemical
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs), Pesticides, PCDD/F, PCBs
PCDD/F, PCBs, Chlorinated benzens, Halogenated phenols, VOCs
VOCs
Heavy metals
Cr, As, Cd, Hg, Pb
Accumulation in soils and crops of land treated with compost
Dust
Pb dust
Particulate matter
Pathogens
Clostridium botulinum
Unlikely to be associated
Organic dust containing bacteria

25. Health hazard associated with waste management methods
Factor
Landfill
Incineration
Composting
Physical hazards
Vermin
Risk of spreading diseases
Residential complaints
Unlikely to be associated
Possible
Radionuclides
Radium
Not mentioned
unlikely to be associated
Inorganic compounds
H2S
Acid gases- SO2, HCl, NOx
NH3
Fire and explosion
31 cases in USA during
1 incident in UK

26. Other implications from waste management methods
Factor
Landfill
Incineration
Composting
Psychosocial factors
Quality of life
Noise and odor nuisance
Noise nuisance?
Landscape
Other psychological factors
Public concerns
public concerns
Satisfaction for recycling activity
Environmental factors
Global warming
CH4
CO2 from fossil source
not so significant
Resource conservation
resource depletion
not so significant?

27. Other implications from waste management methods
Factor
Landfill
Incineration
Composting
Economic factors
Employment
Job created, but not many
Job created
Job created in the centralized type
Economic benefits to agricultural sector
none
Compost use
Property values
Decrease
may decrease
not clear

28. Solid Waste Management: Chapter 1
Exposure Pathways
Solid Waste Management: Chapter 1

29. Thank You for Your Attention