1. The History
of Computing

2. 50000 to 20000 B.C.E. Computing with digits, pebbles and bones.
pebble = calculus

3. 6000 B.C.E. In the Indian Vedah, a verse (Richa) mentions
the numerals of 12 (dwawash), 2 (treemi),
and 300 (trishat). That was one of the
earliest recordings of a decimal numeral
system

4. 2000 B.C.E.
First use of the abacus

5. 780-850 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Persian mathematician, astronomer and geographer working in Baghdad introduced the positional decimal system and the use of zero into Arabic mathematics.
Also, about a thousand years later Ada Lovelace honoured him when she coined the word Algorithm.

6. 1642
At age 19, Blaise Pascal invents the first calculator: the pascaline.

7. 1670
Gotfried von Leibniz invents a more advanced calculator that can perform square roots.

8. 1780
Benjamin Franklin discovers electricity.

9. 1804
Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds the first automatic weaving loom programmed with punched cards.

10. 1832
Charles Babbage invents the analytical machine.

11. (was built but was never functional)‏
1832
Babbage’s machine
1832
(was built but was never functional)‏
1991
(rebuilt from specifications by MIT students)‏

12.
Ada Augusta Byron, Countess of Lovelace, is the first to design programs using punched cards for Babbage’s machine.

13. 1854
George Boole creates the algebra that bears his name today (boolean).
AND TRUE FALSE
TRUE TRUE FALSE
FALSE FALSE FALSE
OR TRUE FALSE
TRUE TRUE TRUE
FALSE TRUE FALSE

14. 1874
The QWERTY keyboard, was present on the very first typewriter... the Sholes & Glidden, made by E. Remington & Sons in 1874.

15. 1890
Herman Hollerith invents a system to tabulate the data of the great American census of 1890 (at that time the tabulations for 1880 census were not even finished yet). In FORTRAN, the character H was named in his honour.

16. Hollerith’s tabulating machine
The information is first recorded on punched cards and then treated with electric sensors.

17. August 1890
Hollerith’s machine makes front page of Scientific American.

18. 1896
Hollerith establishes his own corporation, the Tabulating Machine Company.

19. 1911
TMC merges with two other corporations and becomes the Computing Tabulating Recording Co. also known as CTR.

20. 1924
CTR is renamed International Business Machines Corporation after appointing Thomas J. Watson as general manager. It is better known today as IBM.

21. 1937
Claude Shannon publishes A Symbolic Analysis of Relays and Switching Circuits, where he shows that Boole’s algebra may be used in electrical systems.

22. 1937
Alan Mathison Turing defines the notion of algorithm and introduces the concept of the universal machine now known as « Turing machines ».

23. 1939
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry conceive a digital computer using electromagnetic relays.
Atanasoff 1938
Atanasoff 1990
Berry 1962

24.
During WWII, Germany used the Enigma machine to encode its transmissions.

25. 1943
A team of the British Code and Cipher School builds a machine to decode the messages. It was called Colossus.

26. 1943
Howard Aiken and a team from IBM build the first complete universal computer that is fully reliable and operational. The Mark I.
Babbage’s dream is now a reality!

27. 1945
John Presper Ecker and John Mauchly build the first electronic computer: the ENIAC.

28. The ENIAC weighed 30 tons!

29. It was placed in a sort of U of 6 meters wide by 12 meters long.

31. Energy consumption: 200 KW!
The lights of the whole city of Philadelphia dimmed when it was turned on!

34. 1945 The first bug! – found on Sep 9th at 15:45 by Grace Hopper,
then working on the Mark II computer at Harvard University.
She became the highest ranking female Navy person of her time (Rear Admiral) and a role model to thousands of young women. The bug now resides at the National Museum of American History in Washington DC.

35. 1946
John von Neumann (along with Mauchly and Eckert) proposes the architecture that uses a central processing unit (CPU) and a separate memory structure to hold both instructions and data. This architecture is still the basis of today’s computers.

36. 1951
Under the direction of Howard Aiken, an IBM team builds one of the first Von Neumann machines: the IBM SSEC.

37. The EDVAC in the Moore School of Computer Science.
1951
The EDVAC in the Moore School of Computer Science.

38. 1951
UNIVAC built by Eckert and Mauchly: the first commercial computer, it used magnetic tapes instead of punched cards.

39. 1952
Article on use of UNIVAC to forecast presidential election results for CBS, from the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 15 October
Eckert at center, Walter Cronkite at right.

40. 1957
John Warner Backus with a team from IBM, creates the first high-level programming language: FORTRAN.
John Backus made another, critical contribution to early computer science: During the latter part of the 1950s Backus served on the international committees which developed ALGOL 58 and the very influential ALGOL 60, which quickly became the de facto worldwide standard for publishing algorithms.

41. 1958
John McCarthy invents the Lisp programming language at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also responsible for the coining of the term Artificial Intelligence.
Lisp (LISt Processing) rapidly became the programming language of choice for artificial intelligence applications.

42. 1958
IBM 7090: First computer using transistors.

43. 1958
Seymour Cray builds the first all transistor computer: the CDC 1604.

44. 1962
H. Ross Perot founds Electronic Data Systems (EDS), which will be the world's largest data processing company. It begins the automation of business application like payrolls.

45. 1964
IBM presents the first computer to use integrated circuits: the IBM 360.
IBM 360 supported multiprogramming

46. 1965
Introduction of the first time-sharing operating system: CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) was developed at MIT.
This advance permitted many users to share the same computer simultaneously.

47. 1971
Nicklaus Wirth invents the Pascal programming language to facilitate the learning of programming.

48. 1971
Ken Thompson and his team at Bell Labs invent a new time-sharing operating system.
Brian Kernighan names it UNICS, but will become later known as UNIX.

49. 1972
Dennis Ritchie invents the C programming language as a tool to interface with the Unix OS.

50. 1972
Hewlett Packard released the first scientific calculator: the HP This machine would wipe out the use of what is left of slide rules.
Cost: more than $600!
It used the Reverse Polish Notation, the basis of all stack machine math, including our PCs and laptops.

51. 1975
Seymour Cray launches the first supercomputer: the CRAY-1.

52. 1976
DEC launches the very popular mini-computer, the VAX 11/780 following other very successful PDP models like the PDP-11.

53. 1977
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found the Apple Computer Company.

54. Late 1970s
MATLAB (meaning "matrix laboratory") was invented by Cleve Moler, then chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico.
MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language. Developed by The MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages.

55. 1981
IBM launches the PC.

56. The 1980s
The early 1980s were the first years of the golden age of micro computing
Atari 800
TRS-80
Sinclair ZX-81
Commodore 64
Commodore PET

57. 1982
Time Magazine eschewed its Man of the Year Award in favour of Machine of the Year: The Computer.

58. 1982
Sun Microsystems introduces its first workstation: the Sun 100.

59. 1984
Apple introduces the Macintosh, the first commercially successful computer using a graphical interface.

60. 1989
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) publishes the first standard for the C programming language.
Tim Berners-Lee invents hypertext, paving the way to establish the World-Wide-Web.

61. 1989
Microsoft Corporation introduces the Windows graphical interface.

62. 1991
Linus Torvalds was a computer science student at the University of Helsinki when he wrote the operating system Linux in 1991.

63. 1994
Marc Andreesen, creates the Web browser known as Mosaic at the University of Illinois. Later co-founder of Netscape Corporation.

64. 1995
The Internet explodes with a ton of new services and applications.

65.
New services still!

66. 1999 The concept of blogging is introduced
A blog (Web log) is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Blogs have since gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories.

67. 2000 Microsoft releases Windows XP
Apple launches its iPod. A modern version of a walkman storing music in Mp3 format on a small 5Gb internal hard disk.
No problems are created by the feared millennium bug!

68. 2002
Dr. Isaac Chuang, research staff member at IBM's Almaden Research Center (San Jose, Calif.), holds a quantum computer -- the glass tube contains specially designed molecules.
Quantum computers promised to solve some of the most difficult mathematical problems exponentially faster than a conventional computer.
As of 2010, it is still in experimental phase.

69.
The Internet becomes social!

70. End of lesson