1. Fire protection & anti-termite treatment
Ce -304

2. Presented by muddasirul hoque (154) smrity Chanda (153)
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

3. introduction
There is now a fast growing awareness among the modern architects and engineers to plan, design and construct the building in such a manner that the safety of fire when it outbreaks can be assured. Because fire can ignite all the combustible materials in the surrounding areas. The losses during fire breakout is huge, so at first one of the necessary things that comes to an engineer’s mind during construction is fire safety. So, besides making a building with fire resistant materials, it is equally important to plan it in such a way that the risk of panic due to smoke and hot gases is minimized.

4. Danger to life of occupants
The nature of damages or dangers caused by fire can be broadly divided into the following types.
Danger to life of occupants
This danger can be taken care of by providing adequate means of escape for the occupants so that they can reach the place of safety in the shortest possible time in the event of fire. Thus the building should be planned with emergency exit that will lead them to a safe open place. Lifts and escalators are not considered as the exit of emergency. Stairs, passages, corridors etc. should be the way to emergency exit.
Danger of spread of fire other areas
This danger can be taken care of by planning and designing the building in such a manner that the fire can be contained in a limited area for sufficient time to enable the occupants in the danger zone to escape to place of safety. For this, series compartment enclosed by floors and wall should be so created that the compartment is able to restrain fire within it for some appropriate period.
Danger of damage to property (structure and its contents)
This danger can be minimized by use of fire resisting materials and by carrying out the construction of the structural elements like columns, beams, floors, load bearing walls, lintels, arches etc. in such a way that at the time of fire they should continue to function as structural elements till such time as would enable the occupants to escape to safe places.

5. Fire resisting properties of materials
1 . Timber. It has unique property of self-insulation and slow burning and offers considerable resistance to fire. Additional fire resistance is achieved through impregnation of timber with large quantities of fire-retarding chemicals. Also fire-resistant pants have been found to very much effective.
2. Brick. First-class bricks molded from good clay can stand exposure to fire for a considerable length of time. It has been well established that brick masonry construction is most suitable for safeguarding the structure against fire hazards.
3. Stone. The usage of stone in a fire resistive construction should minimum because hot stone when gets cool makes cracks and can lead to failure of structure. Only compact sand-stone having fine grains may be used as it can stand the exposure to moderate fire without serious cracks.
4. Steel. Steel although incombustible has a very low fire resistance value. In high temperature the co-efficient of steel falls and it causes expansion. When use water for extinguishing fire it tend to contract, twist or distort can cause hazard. Hence steel members should be protected by covering them with brick, concrete etc.

6. 5. Concrete. The influence of fire on concrete varies with the nature of its coarse aggregate and its density.it has been found that aggregates obtained from igneous rock tend to crack when subjected to fire.it has been noticed that the concrete surface gets disintegrated for 25mm depth. So the thickness of clear cover should be more for fire resistance.
6. Glass. Glass contacts heat faster than metal. It has low thermal conductivity. So it is a good fire resisting material. However it fractures or cracks when subjected to sudden fire. By the use glass reinforced with steel wire netting, such crack can be minimized. It has higher melting point than ordinary glass.
7. Asbestos. Asbestos is a fibrous mineral which is combined with Portland cement to form a material having great fire resistive value. Asbestos cement products are largely used for the construction of fire-resistive partitions, roof etc. for its low co-efficient of expansion and property of incombustibility.
8. Plaster or Mortar. Plaster or mortar is incombustible and as such, by suitable choice of the type of mortar, the walls or ceilings of a building can be made more fire resistant. The resistance of the plaster to fire hazard can be increased by using thicker layer or reinforcing with metal laths.

7. Fire resistant construction
In a fire resistant construction, the maximum use of non-combustible materials should be encouraged. All the structural elements should be constructed in such a way that they should continue to function for a certain period while the occupants can escape. The following points should be kept in view before any fire-resistant construction :
The load bearing walls or columns of masonry should be thicker.
As far as possible fire resisting materials should be used in floors. In case of wooden floors thicker joists or fire stops should be provided. But it is most suitable if we use concrete, brick or ceramic tiles. Also cast iron, wrought iron, or incombustible materials like rubber, cork, carpet etc. have to be used in flooring.
Reinforced concrete framed structures should be preferred to steel structures. As steel is liable to twist, sag or distort under heavy fire. The concrete cover outside the main reinforcement should be at least 5 cm. for very important structural members, like columns, grinders, trusses, etc. 38 mm for ordinary beam or long span slabs, arches etc. And 25 mm partition walls and short span slabs.
The partition walls should be of fire-resistant material in general, R.C.C., R.B.C., metal lath and plaster, asbestos cement board, hollow concrete or clay tiles should be used.
The load-bearing walls as well as non-load bearing walls, should be plastered with fire-resistive mortar.
The ceiling should be directly attached or suspended from the floor joists and should be made fire-resistant by fixing asbestos cement boards, fiber boards, metal lath and plaster etc. to its framework.
The doors, windows or exposed sides should be glazed and fitted with reinforced glass panels.
As far as possible, use metal frames for doors with steel shutters.
As far as possible, flat roof should be encouraged.

8. Fire-proofing treatment
Various types of fire-proofing treatment given to steel and concrete columns
Various types of fire proofing treatment given to beams

9. Fire protection requirements for multi-storied buildings
Main fire protection requirements for multistoried building can be summarized as under
1. Structure. The structural framework can be in R.C.C. or steel. In case of steel structure, it will be necessary to encase the structural components by tiles, concrete or bricks. The fire resistance of load bearing walls, columns and beams should not be less than 2 hours.
2. Internal walls and partitions. The materials of the wall should however, be treated in such a manner that they should have fire resistance capacity of more than 1 hour.
3. staircase. The enclosing walls of the main staircase should have a fire resistance of not less than 1 hour. Staircase should not be arranged around the lift shaft. Access to the staircase through doors should be fire resistant of at least half-an-hour. The door of the staircase enclosure should lead to an open space.
4. Fire escape or external stairs. In addition to the main staircase it is necessary to make suitable provision of fire escape in the form of external stairs.
5. Basement. The basement should be properly ventilated. Staircase should terminate at ground floor and the access will be a separate staircase. There also should be a underground water storage tank of one to two lakh liters capacity.

10. Fire detection and extinguishing system
Fire detection system
Also known as fire alarm system, it is an installation provided with the aim of warning the occupants of the building of the outbreak of fire and to call for assistance at the same time. Fire alarm can be two types.
Manual fire alarm system. This consists of a hand bell or similar sounding device emitting distinctive sound when struck.
Automatic fire alarm system. This type of system, on detection of fire, starts sounding alarms to the nearest control point by evacuation gongs, hooters or siren.
Fire extinguishing system
The commonly adopted fire extinguishing systems are below.
1. Manual fire-extinguishing equipment. Portable and can be of carbon dioxide or large foam generation type.
2. Fire hydrants. This consists in providing a 150 mm diameter ring main outside in the ground around the periphery of the building.
3. Wet riser system. This consists in providing 100 to 150 mm diameter vertical G.I. pipes at suitable locations within the building. These are known as risers.
4. Sprinkler system. In this system a network of water supply pipes(normally 20 mm dia.) are fixed to the ceiling of the floor or roof slabs.

11. Anti-termite treatment
Insects could be defined as ancient race of animals which have been in existence for million of years. They are capable of survival under most adverse conditions and environments. Man is affected in a multiplicity of ways by insects. Insects can attack his body, his food, crops, fruits, other agricultural products including his stored possessions and even the house in which he lives.

12. The type of insects known as termites cause maximum damage to the buildings. Termites are divided mainly into following two types.
Subterranean termites on the other hand are mainly responsible for causing damage to the buildings and its contents. Unlike dry-wood termites they live in soil and require moisture for their existence. They can enter the building through cracks and cervices in masonry and joints or cracks in floors in contact with ground. They eat cellulosic materials and attack leather, plastic, robber etc.
Dry wood termites live in wood and do not maintain contact with the ground. They normally build nests within the dry timber members like door window frames, wooden furniture etc. and destroy them gradually. Cause lesser damage to the building

13. Types of anti-termite treatment
The anti-termite treatment in buildings may be broadly divided into two categories :
Pre-construction treatment
Post-construction treatment

14. Pre-construction treatment
This treatment is carried out right from the initial stage of construction. The various operations involved in this treatment can summarized as following.
(1) Site preparation (2) Soil treatment
Site preparation this consists in removing stumps, roots, logs, waste-wood etc. from the site where the buildings is to be constructed. In case the termites mound are discovered within the plinth area of the building they should be destroyed by use of insecticide solution. The quantity of insecticide solution to be used will depend on the size of mound. For a mound having volume of about 1 cu. m, 4 liters of an emulsion in water of one of the following chemicals may be used.
Chemicals Concentration by weight
DDT %
BHC %
Aldrin %
Heptachlor %
Chlordane %

15. 2. Soil Treatment This operation consists in poisoning the soil underneath the building and around the foundations of the buildings with insecticide solution consisting of any of the following chemicals in water emulsion.
Chemical Concentration by weight
Aldrin %
Heptachlor %
Chlordane %
In order that the soil treatment may be fully effective, the chemical water emulsion should applied in the whole area covered by the building. The soil treatment should be applied in the following stages :
(1) Treatment of wall trenches, column pits and excavation for basement
(2) Treatment of top surface of plinth filling.
(3) Treatment of junctions of the wall and floor.
(4) Treatment of soil along external periphery of building.
(5) Treatment of soil surrounding pipes and conduits.
(6) Treatment of expansion joints.

16. Post construction treatment
This treatment is applied to existing buildings which have already been attacked by termites. It is observed that even after their entry in the buildings, termites keep contact with the ground. This important symptom is gainfully utilized in eradicating termites from the buildings. The various operations involved in eradicating termites from an existing building can be summarized as under :
Inspection.
Soil treatment for foundations.
Soil treatment under floor.
Treatment of voids in masonry.
Treatment of wood work

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