1. .
Perception

2. Foundations of Individual Behaviour

3. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

4. Perception
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.” “ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge.

5. Perception
“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment ”.

6. Perceptual Process Model
Environmental Stimuli
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
Selective Attention
Organization and
Interpretation
Attitudes and
Behaviours

7. The Perceptual Process
Sensation
An individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment.
Selection
The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.
Organization
The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for “storage.”
Interpretation
The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.

8. Selective Attention Characteristics of the object Perceptual context
size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty
Perceptual context
Characteristics of the perceiver
attitudes
perceptual defense
expectations -- condition us to expect events

9. Factors in the Target
Motion
Novelty
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
Similarity
Factors in the perceiver
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
Perception
Factors in the situation
Time
Work Setting
Social Setting

10. Figure-Ground Illustration
Field-ground differentiation
The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.

13. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.
Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity -closure
-proximity -similarity

18. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
is the cause of the behavior seen as internal or external? we look for three types of information to decide:
DISTINCTIVENESS : Is this person’s performance different on other tasks and in other situations?
CONSISTENCY : Over time, is there a change in behavior or results on this task by this person?
CONSENSUS : Do others perform or behave similarly when in a similar position?
“YES” answers lead to EXTERNAL attributions (Environmental causes)
“NO” answers lead to INTERNAL attributions (Personal causes)

19. Attribution Theory observation Interpretation H External L Internal H
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
Attribution of cause
observation
Interpretation H
External
Distictinctiveness L
Internal H
Individual
behavior
External
Consensus L
Internal H
Internal
Consistency L
External
H –high L- Low

20. Distinctiveness Consensus Consistency
Does this person
behave in
this manner
in other situation
Consensus
Do other person
Behave in the
Same manner?
Consistency
Does this person
behave
in this same
manner at other
times ?
Internal
Attribution No
Low
Consensus
Yes
High
YES
Low
Distinctiveness NO
High
Yes
High
Consistency No
Low
External Attributio n

21. PERCEPTUAL ERRORS & ATTRIBUTIONS
STEREOTYPES : Based on appearance
HALO (HORN) EFFECTS : One outstanding characteristic noted
CONTRAST EFFECT : Ordering
RECENCY EFFECT : Limited recall
PROJECTION : “Similar to me” Error
SKEWING ERRORS : Central tendency, leniency, strictness bias
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY : People respond the way you “expected” they would
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION (MIND SETS) : Filtering, selection,

22. ATTRIBUTION ERRORS THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR SELF-SERVING BIAS
the cause of poor performance (by others) is due to personal factors (lazy…didn’t try very hard)
SELF-SERVING BIAS
the cause of poor performance (by myself) is due to situational factors (poor support), not because of a lack of effort

23. Improving Perceptual Accuracy
Diversity
Management
Improving
Perceptual
Accuracy
Know
Yourself
Empathize
With Others
Compare
Perceptions
With Others
Postpone
Impression
Formation

24. Know Yourself (Johari Window)
Feedback
Known to Self
Unknown to Self
Known
to Others
Open
Area
Blind
Hidden
Unknown
Open
Area
Blind
Unknown
Hidden
Disclosure
Unknown
to Others