1. Kingdom - Animalia Topics Animal – definition
Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32.
Kingdom - Animalia
Topics
Animal – definition
Body organization and classification
Monophyletic groups and Phyla
Major representatives of Phyla
Ecology and economy

2. What is an Animal? Very diverse with some common characteristics
Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp
What is an Animal?
Very diverse with some common characteristics
Multicellular eukaryotes
Heterotrophs
Cells are specialized - for various functions
Most - capable of locomotion
Most - nervous systems and muscles
Most - diploid and reproduce sexually
Zygote cleaves starting embryogenesis
Morula, blastula, gastrula, larva, metamorhosis
Evo-devo and Hox genes

3. Classification - criteria
Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp
Classification - criteria
Earliest fossils ~600 mya; land ~440 mya
<5% of all animals are vertebrates
Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Invertebrates lack backbone
Includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, mollusks, insects, crustaceans

4. Classification - criteria
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Classification - criteria
Parazoa (sponges) and Eumetazoa
Eumetazoa - radial or bilateral symmetry
Radial: body arranged as spokes in a wheel
Bilateral: body arranged as mirror-image along a central axis
Most eumetazoans - bilaterally symmetric
Each half identical, or very similar at least
Tendency toward cephalization - head with sensory structures, neural integrating systems located
Diploblastic or triploblastic
Triploblastic – acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates

5. Classification - criteria
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p
Classification - criteria
Ectoderm: outer layer - makes outer covering, nervous system
Endoderm: lining of the digestive tube and digestive organs
Cnidarians and ctenophores are diploblastic
Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system
All animals besides the Cnidara and Ctenophora are triploblastic

6. Triploblastic Body Plans
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Acoelomates
Pseudocoelomates
(probably evolved by simplification of coelomates – not monophyletic)
Coelomates

7. Protostomes and Deuterostomes
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Protostomes and Deuterostomes
During gastrulation - cells move, blastopore forms
Protostomes
Blastopore becomes mouth
Spiral cleavage in embryo
Determinate cleavage - Embryonic cells develop into fixed body parts
Deuterostomes
Blastopore becomes anus, second pore - mouth
Radial cleavage
Indeterminate cleavage - Each cell can make an adult

8. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32
p. 629.

9. 6 main animal clades based on molecular
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32
p. 632.
6 main animal clades based on molecular
data
Parazoa, Radiata, Biradiata,
Lophotrochozoa,
Ecdysozoa,
Deuterostomia

10. Phylum – Porifera (Parazoans)
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Phylum – Porifera (Parazoans)
Choanocytes (collar cells) - help move water through - trap suspended food items
Amoeboid cells move about mesohyl - important in nutrition
Mesohyl - important in sexual reproduction; holds egg and embryo (most are hermaphroditic)
Division of labor without tissues

11. Phylum – Cnidaria (Radiata)
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Cnidocytes - stinging cells
Two body forms/stages – Medusa and Polyps – many spp. have both
Two definite tissue layers – Epidermis, Gastrodermis
- Separated by the gelatin-like mesoglea
Nerve net - no head
Both stages
common,
but not in
hydra

12. Protostome Lophotrochozans Phylum - Platyhelminthes
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Classes: Tubelaria - free living; Trematoda and Monogenea - parasitic
flukes; Cestoda - tapeworms (vertebral intestinal parasites)

13. Phylum - Mollusca
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Clams, oysters, snails, slugs, octopi, squids - Trochophore larva - fresh water and marine
Common features: Soft body, dorsal calcium carbonate shell in some, muscular foot – locomotion, organs form viscera, mantle secretes shell, open circulatory system - hemolymph bathes tissues

14. Phylum - Annilida Segmented worms – Trochophore larva
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Phylum - Annilida
Segmented worms – Trochophore larva
Class - Polychaeta - sandworms - mainly marine
Class - Oligochaeta - earthworms - land and fresh water
Class - Hirudinea - leeches - mainly fresh water
Body - ringed segments
Some structures - repeated in each segment - e.g.excretory organs - metanephridia
Some organ systems occur in full length - e.g.nervous, digest. Segmentation aids movement - each segment can move
Nervous system – ventral
Respiration – cutaneous
Earthworm – make soils more fertile

15. Mostly marine Terrestrial/freshwater Mostly freshwater
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p
Mostly marine Terrestrial/freshwater Mostly freshwater

16. Protostome Ecdysozoans Phylum – Nematoda - Roundworms
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Protostome Ecdysozoans
Phylum – Nematoda - Roundworms
Decomposers and predators –
most are free living
Pseudocoelomates
50< spp. – human parasites – e.g.
Ascaris worm, hookworms,
pinworms, trichina worm

17. Phylum – Arthropoda – Jointed appendages & chitin exoskeleton
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Phylum – Arthropoda – Jointed appendages &
chitin exoskeleton
> 1 million species; probably millions to be known
Most successful and diverse - >80% of all animal spp.
Distinct anatomical features/adaptations:
Segmented body
Tough exoskeleton – discuss advantages and disadvantages
Paired, jointed appendages
Antennae - taste and touch
Most insects and crustaceans - compound eyes
Open circulatory system
Dorsal heart pumps hemolymph to a dorsal artery
Flows through smaller arteries to hemocoel, where it baths tissues

18. Subphyla Selected classes Characteristics Myriapoda
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32
p. 658.
Subphyla
Selected classes
Characteristics
Myriapoda
Chilopoda - Centipedes
Diplopoda - Millipedes
Head + seg. Body, uniramous, 1 pair antennae,
mandibles and maxillae
Chelicerata
Mirostoma - Hor. shoe crabs
Arachnida - Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
Cephalothorax + abdomen,
uniramous, no antennae, chelicerae and pedipalps
Crustacea
Malacostraca - Lobsters, crabs, shrimps, isopods
Cirripedia - Barnacles
Cephalothorax + abdomen, biramous, 2 antennae pairs, mandibles and maxillae
Hexapoda
Insecta - Bees, ants, beetles
roaches, flies, mosquitoes,
grasshoppers
Head + thorax + abdomen, uniramous, 1 pair antennae,

19. Deuterostomes
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p

20. Deuterostomes – Phylum - Echininodermata
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32
p. 674.
Deuterostomes – Phylum - Echininodermata
Echinoderms – Hydraulic/water vascular system – locomotion, feeding
and gas exchange

21. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p

22. Deuterostomes – Phylum – Chordata Model – Lancelet – Amphioxus sp.
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp
Deuterostomes – Phylum – Chordata
Model – Lancelet – Amphioxus sp.
Endostyle – Mucus secreting pharyngeal groove (thyroid is a derivative)
– fourth chordate character

23. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p
Study Table 32-2

24. Class - Mammalia Hair Mammary glands Differentiated teeth
Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p
Class - Mammalia
Hair
Mammary glands
Differentiated teeth
Three middle-ear bones
Constant body temperature
Highly-developed nervous system - neocortex
Muscular diaphragm
Two clades – Protheria and Theria