1. Chapter 10 Objectives Describe how your body keeps out pathogens.
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
Objectives
Describe how your body keeps out pathogens.
Explain how the immune system fights infections.
Describe four challenges to the immune system.

2. Epidermis Dermis Chapter 10 First Lines of Defense What is this
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
First Lines of Defense
Epidermis
What is this
layer called?
Your SKIN is the first line of defense against pathogens. Your skin is made of many layers of flat cells. The outermost layers are dead. As a result, many pathogens that land on your skin have difficulty finding a live cell to infect.
Dermis
What is this
layer called?

3. Chapter 10 Failure of First Lines
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
Failure of First Lines
Sometimes, skin is cut or punctured and pathogens can enter the body. Cell parts in the blood called platelets help seal the open wound so that no more pathogens can enter. The pathogens that got in are attacked by the immune system.
The immune system - cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body.

4. Cells of the Immune System
Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
Cells of the Immune System
Macrophages engulf and digest many microorganisms or viruses that enter your body.
T cells coordinate the immune system and attack many infected cells.
B cells are immune-system cells that make antibodies.
Antibodies are proteins that attach to specific antigens and immobilize them.

5. Chapter 10 The antibodies attach to the pathogen. The B cell makes
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
The antibodies attach
to the pathogen.
The B cell makes
antibodies.

6. How your body responds to a Virus:
Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
How your body responds to a Virus:
If virus particles enter your body, some of the particles may pass into body cells and begin to replicate (make copies).
Other virus particles will be engulfed and broken up by macrophages. This is just the beginning of the immune response.

7. Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses

8. Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses

9. Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
Fevers
A moderate fever of one or two degrees actually helps you get well faster because it slows the growth of some pathogens.
A fever also helps B cells and T cells multiply faster.

10. Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
Memory Cells
Memory B cells are cells in your immune system that “remember” how to make an antibody for a particular pathogen.
If the pathogen shows up again, the memory B cells produce B cells that make enough antibodies in just 3 or 4 days to protect you.
This is why a vaccine works. It caused your body to make memory B cells that are ready to go to work.

11. Challenges to the Immune System
Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
Challenges to the Immune System
Allergies happen when the immune system overreacts to antigens that are not dangerous to the body.
Autoimmune Disease is a disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. In an autoimmune disease, immune-system cells mistake body cells for pathogens.

12. Challenges to the Immune System, continued
Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses
Challenges to the Immune System, continued
Cancer is a disease in which the cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate and become invasive.
AIDS The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects the immune system itself, using helper T cells as factories to produce more viruses.

13. Chapter 10
Body Defenses and Disease
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
hemophilia
pathogens
immune system
fungi
viruses
protists
infectious diseases
noninfectious diseases

14. Chapter 10
Concept Map

15. Chapter 10
Concept Map

16. End of Chapter 10 Show Header – dark yellow 24 points Arial Bold
Body text – white 20 points Arial Bold, dark yellow highlights
Bullets – dark yellow
Copyright – white 12 points Arial
Size:
Height: 7.52"
Width: 10.02"
Scale: 70%
Position on slide:
Horizontal - 0"
Vertical - 0"

17. Chapter 10
Body Defenses and Disease
CNN Videos
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Science, Technology, and Society: Computer Healing

18. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

19. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 Bacteria are becoming resistant to many human-made antibiotics, which means that the drugs no longer affect the bacteria. Scientists now face the challenge of developing new antibiotics that can overcome the resistant strains of bacteria. Antibiotics from animals are different from some human-made antibiotics.
Continued on the next slide

20. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued These antibiotics bore holes through the membranes that surround bacterial cells, causing the cells to disintegrate and die. Bacterial membranes don’t mutate often, so they are less likely to become resistant to the animal antibiotics.

21. Chapter 10 1. In this passage, what does mutate mean? A to change
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In this passage, what does mutate mean?
A to change
B to grow
C to form
D to degrade

22. Chapter 10 1. In this passage, what does mutate mean? A to change
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In this passage, what does mutate mean?
A to change
B to grow
C to form
D to degrade

23. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact?
F Bacterial membranes are on the inside of the bacterial cell.
G Bacterial membranes are on the outside of the bacterial cell.
H All strains of bacteria mutate.
I Bacterial membranes never change.

24. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact?
F Bacterial membranes are on the inside of the bacterial cell.
G Bacterial membranes are on the outside of the bacterial cell.
H All strains of bacteria mutate.
I Bacterial membranes never change.

25. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, which of the following sentences is false?
A Antibiotics from animals are different from human-made antibiotics.
B Antibiotics from animals bore holes in bacterial membranes.
C Bacterial membranes don’t change very often.
D Bacteria rarely develop resistance to human-made antibiotics.
Changed line spacing after paragraph to 0.5 lines (to change go under Format, Line Spacing, after paragraph)

26. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, which of the following sentences is false?
A Antibiotics from animals are different from human-made antibiotics.
B Antibiotics from animals bore holes in bacterial membranes.
C Bacterial membranes don’t change very often.
D Bacteria rarely develop resistance to human-made antibiotics.
Changed line spacing after paragraph to 0.5 lines (to change go under Format, Line Spacing, after paragraph)

27. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 Drinking water in the United States is generally safe, but water lines can break, or treatment plants can become flooded, allowing microorganisms to enter the public water supply. Bacteria growing in foods and beverages can cause illness, too.
Continued on the next slide

28. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued Refrigerating foods can slow the growth of many of these pathogens, but meat, fish, and eggs that are not cooked enough can still contain dangerous bacteria or parasites. Leaving food out at room temperature can give bacteria such as salmonella time to grow and produce toxins in the food. For these reasons, it is important to wash all used cooking tools.

29. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following statements can you infer from this passage?
A Treatment plants help keep drinking water safe.
B Treatment plants never become flooded.
C Eliminating treatment plants would help keep water safe.
D New treatment plants are better than old ones.

30. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following statements can you infer from this passage?
A Treatment plants help keep drinking water safe.
B Treatment plants never become flooded.
C Eliminating treatment plants would help keep water safe.
D New treatment plants are better than old ones.

31. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which of the following statements can you infer from the passage?
F Bacteria that live in food produce more toxins than molds produce.
G Cooking food thoroughly kills bacteria living in the food.
H Some bacteria are helpful to humans.
I Illnesses caused by bacteria living in food are seldom serious.

32. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which of the following statements can you infer from the passage?
F Bacteria that live in food produce more toxins than molds produce.
G Cooking food thoroughly kills bacteria living in the food.
H Some bacteria are helpful to humans.
I Illnesses caused by bacteria living in food are seldom serious.

33. Chapter 10 3. According to this passage, what do pathogens cause?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. According to this passage, what do pathogens cause?
A disease
B flooding
C water-line breaks
D water supplies

34. Chapter 10 3. According to this passage, what do pathogens cause?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. According to this passage, what do pathogens cause?
A disease
B flooding
C water-line breaks
D water supplies

35. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
The graph below shows the reported number of people living with HIV/AIDS. Use the graph to answer the questions that follow.

36. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 5 million?
A 1985
B 1986
C 1987
D 1988

37. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 5 million?
A 1985
B 1986
C 1987
D 1988

38. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 30 million?
F 1996
G 1997
H 1998
I 1999

39. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. When did the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reach 30 million?
F 1996
G 1997
H 1998
I 1999

40. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. When was the rate of increase of people with HIV/AIDS the greatest?
A from 1980 to 1982
B from 1984 to 1986
C from 1988 to 1990
D from 1998 to 2000

41. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
3. When was the rate of increase of people with HIV/AIDS the greatest?
A from 1980 to 1982
B from 1984 to 1986
C from 1988 to 1990
D from 1998 to 2000

42. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
4. What percentage of the people who are infected with HIV do not yet have AIDS?
F 10%
G 24%
H 75%
I There is not enough information to determine the answer.

43. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
4. What percentage of the people who are infected with HIV do not yet have AIDS?
F 10%
G 24%
H 75%
I There is not enough information to determine the answer.

44. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
5. If the virus continued to spread as the graph indicates, in the year 2002, about how many people would be infected with HIV?
A 30 million
B 35 million
C 39 million
D 60 million

45. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
5. If the virus continued to spread as the graph indicates, in the year 2002, about how many people would be infected with HIV?
A 30 million
B 35 million
C 39 million
D 60 million

46. Chapter 10 6. Which part of the graph indicates the rate of infection?
Standardized Test Preparation
6. Which part of the graph indicates the rate of infection?
F x-axis
G y-axis
H slope of the line being graphed
I number of years in the sample

47. Chapter 10 6. Which part of the graph indicates the rate of infection?
Standardized Test Preparation
6. Which part of the graph indicates the rate of infection?
F x-axis
G y-axis
H slope of the line being graphed
I number of years in the sample

48. Chapter 10 Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

49. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Suppose you have 50,000 flu viruses on your fingers and you rub your eyes. Only 20,000 viruses enter your eyes, 10,000 dissolve in chemicals, and 10,000 are washed down into your nose. Of those, you sneeze out 2,000. How many viruses are left to wash down the back of your throat and possibly start an infection?
A 50,000
B 10,000
C 8,000
D 5,000

50. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Suppose you have 50,000 flu viruses on your fingers and you rub your eyes. Only 20,000 viruses enter your eyes, 10,000 dissolve in chemicals, and 10,000 are washed down into your nose. Of those, you sneeze out 2,000. How many viruses are left to wash down the back of your throat and possibly start an infection?
A 50,000
B 10,000
C 8,000
D 5,000

51. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest?
F 0.027, 0.072, 0.270, 0.720
G 0.270, 0.072, 0.720, 0.270
H 0.072, 0.027, 0.270, 0.720
I 0.720, 0.270, 0.072, 0.027

52. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest?
F 0.027, 0.072, 0.270, 0.720
G 0.270, 0.072, 0.720, 0.270
H 0.072, 0.027, 0.270, 0.720
I 0.720, 0.270, 0.072, 0.027

53. Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses

54. Chapter 10
Section 2 Your Body’s Defenses

55. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Preparation