1. Air Transportation Systems
Transportation Technology

2. At the end of this chapter you will be able to..
Basic Concepts
Define aircraft
Identify aviation services
Intermediate Concepts
Describe how airways are used to keep the air safe
Advanced Concepts
Compare lighter-than-air craft to heavier-than-air craft
Calculate lift in balloons

3. Air Transportation Rely on people and vehicles
People in Air Transportation systems include:
Pilots
Maintenance personnel
Airport employees
Air vehicle designers
Vehicles used are know as aircraft.
An aircraft is any vehicle that transports people or cargo through the air

4. History of Air Transportation
Only a few hundred years old
Leonardo da Vinci created sketches of gliders and helicopters over 500 years ago
Glider- aircraft with stable wings but no power source
Helicopters- aircraft with rotating wings
Montigolfier brothers developed the first hot air balloon in 1783
Traveled 5 miles in 23 minutes
George Cayley created the principle of Aerodynamics
The study of the motion of air and how it reacts to objects passing through it
The first Hot Air Balloon

5. History of Air Transportation
Air Transportation Pioneers:
Otto Lelenthal designed both single and double winged gliders
Samuel Langley was the first to add a gasoline engine to a glider
Never able to successfully fly a full-sized, piloted, power glider
Octave Chanute developed moveable wings to add to the control of gliders
Published books and made work available to others, including the Wright Brothers

6. The Wright Brothers
Started by building kites, small wings, and gliders
Flight testing was done at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
By 1903:
they had developed ways to control aircraft movement
Add an engine that provided power to 2 propellers at the rear of the wing
The name of the first plane was the Flyer
Airborne for 12 seconds and covered 120 feet
By the end of the day, the flyer improved to 59 seconds in flight and covered 859 feet
The flyer was the first successful airplane
Fixed-wing aircraft kept in flight by an engine or other power source
Airplane History

7. History of Air Transportation
By the 1920’s:
Boeing, Douglas and Lockheed were developing new and innovative airplane designs
Monoplanes (Single-wing design) replaced the biplane (two wings on top of each other)
Started by moving mail and later, people
By the 1940’s:
Air travel become a common method of travel
Planes carried passengers all over the world
Planes used piston to crankshaft engines
Today:
Planes use jet engines to make traveling faster and more efficient

8. Routes Airways- a path or route airplanes follow Airways are:
Designated, regulated, and controlled by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Set up in patterns like a highway system
Can be divided into two different types:
Airways
Jet Routes

9. Airways and Jet Routes
Airways- serve small aircraft on short routes (ground level to 18,000 ft above sea level)
Jet Routes- reserved for large commercial jets and airliners (18,000 ft up to 75,000ft)
Divided into 1000 ft layers, according to their distance from earth
Layers assist pilots
Ex.
In the jet route layers, three of the layers are at 22,000’,23,000’ and 24,000’
All even numbered layers are for planes flying west
All odd numbered layers are for planes flying east

10. Modes of Air Transportation
An aircraft is a vehicle designed for navigation in the air
Two types of aircraft:
Lighter-than-air-
Known as balloons and airships
Rise and float
Wind (for balloons) is the only means of propulsion
How a hot air balloon works
Heavier-than-air-
Airplanes, helicopters and gliders
Requires power to maintain its speed (needed for lift)
Lift keeps the craft in the air

11. Other Lighter-Than-Air Craft
Airships
Built to carry cargo and passengers around the world
Also known at a dirigible, or steerable ship
Have engines and are filled with gas (hydrogen)
Rigid airships have a metal frame surrounding the balloon and holding it in place
The Hindenburg was a rigid airship
Blimps
Non-rigid airship
Filled with helium (does not burn)

12. Heavier-Than-Air Craft
Easier to control than Lighter-than-air crafts
Include
Gliders
Airplanes
helicopters

13. Airplanes-Basic Structure
Airplanes are designed very carefully.
Many special metal alloys have been developed for use in the building of aircrafts (materials must be lightweight, yet strong)
Aircraft must be powerful.
Their engines must be able to develop enough power so that they can overcome gravity, wind, and other forces.
Aircrafts must also be designed for dependability.
If a part malfunctions on an aircraft thousands of feet up in the air, disaster can result.

15. Basic Structure Terms Fuselage- the body of an airplane
In a large commercial airplane, the fuselage contains a passenger cabin and a space below for hauling freight
Also contains a cockpit for the pilot and co-pilot
Wings- connected to the fuselage and provide the lift necessary to keep the airplane airborne
Moveable sections of the wings help guide the airplane during flight
The wings often hold the fuel tanks and the landing gear.
Landing gear-usually consists of wheels.
Some airplanes have landing gear that consists of skids for landing on snow or pontoons for landing on water.
Tail Assembly- connected to the rear portion of the fuselage.
it consists of a stabilizer and a fin.
The surfaces of the tail assembly provide stability for the airplane during flight.
How Airplanes are built

16. Airplane Controls
Once airborne, an airplane can travel forward, to the left, to the right, up, or down, and can rotate about a 360- degree axis.
Before an airplane can become airborne, two major forces must be overcome:
Gravity
Drag
In level flight:
lift = weight
thrust = drag

17. Lift Gravity is overcome with wings that provide lift.
The wing is curved on the top and flat on the bottom.
Because of this curve, there is more surface area on the top of a wing than on the bottom.
Therefore, as the wing passes through the air, the air that moves over the top of the wing travels farther than the air that moves under the wing.
Because the air travels farther on the top of the wing, it must also travel faster.
This increase in speed causes a decrease in pressure below the wing than there is above it, the wing is pushed upward.
This difference in pressure provides lift.

18. Leading Edge
Trailing Edge

19. Drag
Drag is the resistance of the air to the motion of a traveling object.
Once airborne, the airplane is held back by drag
Is overcome by the thrust of the engine.
Drag cannot be totally eliminated, but it can be reduced by a streamlined design.
The less drag an airplane has, the less power is needed to propel it.

20. Roll
Roll is the movement of an airplane when its wing tip begins to dip or rise.
The pilot controls roll by operating flap-like devices called Ailerons.
Ailerons - hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft.

21. Yaw Yaw is the movement of an airplane to the left or right.
The pilot controls yaw by controlling a flap on the vertical section of the tail assembly.
The flap is called the rudder.
If the rudder is turned right,
the plane will turn right.

22. Pitch
Pitch is the movement of an airplane when its nose begins to dip or rise.
The pilot controls pitch by operating flaps on the horizontal sections of the tail assembly.
The flaps are called elevators.

23. Aviation Services
Aviation is the term used to describe all air transportation activities.
Aviation can be grouped into three general categories:
Commercial Aviation
Include all forms of transportation
General Aviation
Military Aviation
Includes airplanes and flight systems designed for use by U.S. Armed Forces

24. Commercial Aviation
Commercial Aviation describes air transportation offered by commercial airlines.
Companies that provide air transportation to make a financial profit.
Receive money in exchange for services.
Examples?
History of Commercial Aviation

25. Commercial Aviation Services
Over 75% of the income received by airlines comes from carrying passengers.
Each year over 200 million passengers fly in airplanes owned by commercial airlines.
Commercial airlines provide scheduled service to over 500 airports n the US alone.
The three busiest airports, in terms of the number of passengers they can handle, are:
O’Hare International in Chicago
Hartsfield International in Atlanta
Los Angeles International (LAX)

26. Commercial Aviation
There are four types of services offered by commercial airlines:
International
Includes air travel between different countries
Domestic
Includes air travel between major airports within a single country
Regional
Includes air travel between major airports and smaller airports within a specific region of a country
Commuter
Includes air travel between a major airport and several smaller airports in the same area.

27. General Aviation
General Aviation is a term used to describe non-commercial air transportation
The airplanes used in general aviation are usually smaller than those used in commercial aviation because they carry fewer passengers and less freight and must be able to land at smaller airports that have shorter runways.
General aviation also includes the flying of small airplanes for business and for pleasure.
Many companies own their own their own airplanes and use them to transport key personal quickly and conveniently from place to place.
Other companies rely on small airplanes do such activities as crop dusting, surveying, and reporting traffic conditions for radio stations.
Many individuals also own their own airplanes
These individuals use their airplanes for personal transport and for general recreation.

28. Commercial Airways Map