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EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1420 -1580
Reminder of last time Complete Chart on Explorers
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Empires and Encounters
What is the largest country in the world today? Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Qing Dynasty China Americas Mughals Europeans Source
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Building the Russian Empire
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Kievan Rus 1100 Vladimir the Great 986 – meeting with religious leaders Source
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986 Vladimir meets with representatives from several religions
Catholics not happy Source
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Kipchack Khanate Saria Mongols take control of Russia – 1237-1240
Divided region – independent princes --- not united and not capable of stopping Mongols Russian Chronicles describe mass slaughters In Mongol fashion educated people deported or sold into slavery No great trade routes or developed economies Mongols rule Kipchack Khanate from the steppes – to the east Annual Tribute payment from princes – continued raids for slaves Orthodox Church is exempt from taxes – flourishes --- into rural areas
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Motivation for empire building
S & E pastoral groups raiding agriculturalists – and selling Russians into slavery Siberia – not threatening Hunter gatherers Small groups and no access to new weapons/technology “Soft gold” – pelts/furs some worth more than their weight in gold little ice age Source
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Benefits of Conversion
29:00-36:40 Life under the Tsar Mass migration Yasak - tribute Sable Benefits of Conversion Russification Many occurrences of resistance – but eventually subdued – all must pledge oath to Tsar Yasak - tribute Sable - species of marten which inhabits forest environments Conversions Tax benefits Exemptions from tribute Land and/or cash Some forced resettlements of Muslims and destruction of mosques Some examples of tolerance Catherine the Great – tolerance for Muslims 1720 – 700,000 Russians moved to Siberia Siberians pay tax to cross agricultural lands Loss of lands to agriculture Most are eventually Russified Epidemics strike remote populations Catherine the Great 1729to 1796 Ivan IV (the terrible) 1530 to 1584
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7. “The All-Russian Empire is unique in the world
7. “The All-Russian Empire is unique in the world!” –official Russian document from 1785 Do you agree with this assessment? Why or why not? Support your response using specific examples and details from the chapter (i.e. compare the Russian empire to the Spanish and British empires in the Americas).
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Qing Dynasty China
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New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven
Dynastic Cycle New Dynasty Brings peace (Re)builds infrastructure Gives land to peasants Protects people New Dynasty Old Dynasty Problems New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven Generations go by, New Dynasty becomes… Problems Floods earthquakes Peasant revolt Invaders Attack Bandits raid countryside Old Dynasty Taxes too much Stops protecting people Lets infrastructure decay Treats people unfairly Old Dynasty loses Mandate of Heaven
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8. What were the major features of Chinese empire building in the modern era?
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Qing Dynasty China Manchuria Military conquests 1680-1760 Xinjiang
Mongolia Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 Tibet Manchuria Motivations Security Dzungar (Zungbar) state reminiscent of Mongols – nip it in the butt Buddhists Nomadic Seen as the unification of China But…central Asia is governed separately – Court of Colonial Affairs Elite local rulers (Mongols, Muslims, Buddhists) Some corruption in the ruling – collecting extra taxes to keep for oneself Conflicts with Russia – not really Political agreement – Treaty of Nerchinsk
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Mass immigration --- NO
Assimilation --- NO Life Under Qing Tax exemptions Nobles Buddhist Monks Monasteries Mass immigration --- NO Mas immigration controlled to preserve military culture of Mongolia – for war recruitment Puning Temple, built to commemorate the defeat of the Dzungars SOURCE Manchu bannerman SOURCE
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How did central Europe, controlled by the Russians and Chinese, go into decline and become backwards and impoverished? Trade Land
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What was India like before the Mughals?
Who are the Mughals? Mughals Turks Muslim Descendants of Chinggis Khan Fragmented Tribes, castes, sects, languages – unique period of unification in India Muhgals 20% of population – Muslim 80% - some form of Hinduism --- mostly Akbar the Great Worked with Hindu majority Married Hindu conquered princesses – they did not need to convert Hindus in military elite Funds building of Hindu temples Restrains sharia law – Muslim scholars --- ulama Removes jizya tax Create cult of worship around himself – derived from numerous faiths – Islam, Hindu, Zoroastrianism Aurangzeb Focus on Islamic customs Music dancing banned Drinking, gambling, prostitution Destruction of Hindu temples Jizya reinstated Higher taxes = Rebellions After death state weakened --- leads to easy takeover by British East India Company 3rd emperor Akbar Emperor Aurangzeb Source
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9. How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindu’s change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb?
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Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms 10. The author of your text claims that: “The Ottoman encounter with Christian Europe spawned admiration and cooperation as well as fear and trembling.” Explain, using specific examples from the chapter for each pair of adjectives in italics, what the author meant.
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Constantinople Is now Istanbul Founded 330 Constantine
Falls to Turks in 1453 Is now Istanbul Andrew Marr 3 39:20 – 47:20
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Ottoman Empire Sunni + Shia = conflict 1534 - 1639
Many Christians convert Shia Islam Balkans Sunni Islam Persian – Shia ---- despite conflict their artwork is greatly valued among the Ottoman elite Balkans have fewer conversions --- there were less Turkish settlers here Christians here don’t mind Ottoman rule – less taxes Autonomy Possible to be Christian and be Ottoman elite 1492 – expulsion of Jews from Spain --- they find refugee in the Ottoman Empire
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Balkan life under the Ottoman
Janissaries Devshirme Quota of young boys Leave families Learn Turkish Trained for civil or military service Janissaries The Janissaries were chosen before they reached adulthood from among the Christian population living in Anatolia and the Balkan peninsula to become the elite fighting force of the Ottoman Empire. A portion of these selected children, as they were considered to be more talented, received a higher standard of education to become the ruling class of viziers as well as engineers, architects, physicians and scientists.
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Suleiman the Magnificent
Threat to Christendom Suleiman the Magnificent Siege of Vienna 1529 1683 Constantinople Balkans Sieges of Vienna 1529 turned the tide against almost a century of unchecked conquest throughout eastern and central Europe Wikipedia Great Turkish War – the first time Russia joined formal allied with European powers. European advances in guns and military tactics outweighed the skill and resources of the Ottomans and their elite Janissaries, enabling the Habsburgs to retake Hungary. Great Turkish War - a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers, then joined into a Holy League, during the last decades of the 17th century
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11. In what ways did the empires of this era (the early modern era) continue patterns of earlier empires? In what ways did they depart from those patterns?
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