1. WASTES TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION Present situation:
Energy saving and pollution prevention = priorities
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the incineration of waste source. WtE is a form of energy recovery.
Sustainability concepts = complex problem
The object of analysis is waste which is not reused or recycled, but can be used for energy production. To deal with increasing waste amounts while reducing the amount of waste deposited at landfills
Renewable energy sources  e.g. Waste-to-Energy
To improve the flexibility of the energy system in order to increase the share of renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions

3. WASTE-TO-ENERGY
Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology = thermal processing of wastes including energy utilization
WTE systems clean, reliable and renewable energy
COMBUSTION OF
WASTE
(INCINERATION)
GENERATION OF HEAT
STEAM
SOLD
ELECTRICITY
SOLD

4. TYPES OF WASTE TO ENERGY RECOVERY
Thermal technologies:
Gasification (produces combustible gas, hydrogen, synthetic fuels)
Thermal depolymerization (produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined)
Pyrolysis (produces combustible tar/biooil and chars)
Plasma arc gasification PGP or plasma gasification process (produces rich syngas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch, usable vitrified silicate and metal ingots, salt and sulphur)
Non-thermal technologies:
Anaerobic digestion (Biogas rich in methane)
Fermentation production (examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen)
Mechanical biological treatment (MBT)
MBT + Anaerobic digestion
MBT to Refuse derived fuel 

5. WASTE INCINERATION
Environment has great influence in the life of all the living things on this earth. When it comes to wastage and its treatment, one of the very oldest effective waste treatments is waste incineration. It is basically a process where the domestic and industry waste materials are burnt. In this process, the waste materials turn into ash, flue gas and heat.

6. Dual chamber refractory lined furnace
Combustion air
Fuel gas management
Primary air (starved air )
Secondary air
(excess air)

7. Waste-to-Energy Plant Operations

8. Bag house filter - to filter and remove dust and fine particulates
The exhaust gas from the boiler is typically cleaned by the following advanced pollution control systems to ensure compliance with the stringent environmental standards:  
 Dry or Wet scrubbers – to spray lime powder or fine atomized slurry into the hot exhaust gas to neutralize and remove the polluted acidic gases (sulphur oxides, hydrogen chloride)  
Activated Carbon Injection – to adsorb and remove any heavy metal and organic pollutants (e.g. dioxins) in the exhaust gas
  Bag house filter - to filter and remove dust and fine particulates
  Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction - to remove nitrogen oxides (which is a cause of urban smog) by reacting them with ammonia or urea.

9. India – Waste Generation Scenario
India is the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.21 billion, accounting for nearly 18% of world’s human population, but it does not have enough resources or adequate systems in place to treat its solid wastes.
The present citizens of India are living in times of unprecedented economic growth, rising aspirations, and rapidly changing lifestyles, which will raise the expectations on public health and quality of life.
India is facing a sharp contrast between its increasing urban population and available services and resources.
The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg/day in 2001 to 0.5 kg/day in 2011, fuelled by changing lifestyles and increased purchasing power of urban Indians.

10. Solid waste management and municipal waste management
Solid waste management (SWM) is one such service where India has an enormous gap to fill. Proper municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal systems to address the burgeoning amount of wastes are absent. The total MSW generated in urban India is estimated to be 68.8 million tons per year (TPY) or 188,500 tons per day (TPD) of MSW..
Big cities collect about % of MSW generated, whereas smaller cities and towns collect less than 50% of waste generated.
More than 91% of the MSW collected formally is landfilled on open lands and dumps . It is estimated that about 2% of the uncollected wastes are burnt openly on the streets.
About 10% of the collected MSW is openly burnt or is caught in landfill fires .

11. Rules and regulation
‘Plastic Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2011’ by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) is a step ahead in this direction. These rules mandate ULBs to coordinate with all stake holders in solid waste management, which includes waste pickers.
MSW rules 2000 made by the Government of India to regulate the management and handling of municipal solid wastes (MSW) provide a framework for treatment and disposal of MSW. These rules were the result of a ‘Public Interest Litigation (PIL)’ .

12. PER CAPITA MSW GENERATTION

13. MSW GENERATION

14. CASE STYDY ON WASTE TO ENERGY

15. BIOMASS POWER PLANT CASE 1 Plasma gasification process
Fuelling gasification

16. There are primarily three products produced by PGP
There are primarily three products produced by PGP. The main product of the process is a synthetic gas produced when the volatile elements in the waste material are reduced to their base molecules. This gas is used for the generation of electricity by feeding it into the same type of gas engine that is used in the production of electricity from natural gas
The second product of the process is heat which produces steam. The steam is collected and fed into the electricity generation process to improve its efficiency.
The third and final product of the process is a glass-like reusable solid, also known as slag, produced when the non- volatile elements of the waste material gets decomposed. As hard and clean as glass, this solid has a variety of uses such as a road or building material additive.

17. Multi-purpose incinerator for processing solid and liquid wastes
CASE 2
Multi-purpose incinerator for processing solid and liquid wastes

18. disposal of wastes (treatment Ofwastes)
THERMAL TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND WASTE-TO-ENERGY SYSTEMS
Originally:
disposal of wastes (treatment Ofwastes)
At present:
waste processing (waste-to-energy systems)
recovering heat (generating steam & electricity
preheating purposes (reduced fuel demand)
processing of residues (vitrification)

19. INCINERATION VS. GASIFICATION - COMPARISON
Rotary kiln vs. gasification reactor 6 4 7 2
natural gas 3
Incineration 5
Legend: 1 - screw conveyor 4 - heat recovery steam generator
2 - rotary kiln 5 - steam turbine
3 - secondary combustion chamber 6 - off-gas cleaning system
7 – stack
Legend: 1 - screw conveyor 4 - secondary combustion chamber 2 - fluidized bed reactor heat recovery steam generator
3 - cyclone steam turbine off-gas cleaning system
8 - stack 5 6 8 7
flue gas 4
Combustion
solid waste 1 2 3
Gasification
flue gas
superheated steam
feed water
air ~
air
natural gas
Storage waste feeding
Heat recovery
Off-gas cleaning

20. in the case of gasification
Generating gaseous products at the first stage outlet up to 10 times lower Þ aspects influencing operating and investment costs.
Considerably lower consumption of auxiliary fuel (natural gas).
Reduced size of the afterburner chamber compared to that necessary for a comparable oxidation incineration plant
Lower specific volume of gas produced = reduction in size of flue gas heat utilization
off-gas cleaning systems = reduction of investment and operating costs of the flue gas blower
Lower production of steam (proportional to the volume of flue gas produced)

21. TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
ILS, Inc.
PYR MEXTM
TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
CO2 Control
DXNs Control
Emission Control
Landfill Control
ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMY
Cost Control
Profit
Growth
ENERGY
Energy Recovery
High Efficiency
Utilization / Sale

22. CONCLUSION
It has been shown how various aspects of a process and equipment design can contribute to improving economic and environmental design.
Incineration for CHP of the main amount of waste (77% of total) with the highest possible electricity and heat efficiencies
Biogas production from the full potential of organic household waste and manure for production of CHP or transport fuel
Co-combustion of refuse derived fuel (RDF) with coal in new coal-fired power plants today and thermal gasification of RDF for CHP in the future when fully developed, if reduced CO2 emissions are not the main goal

23. ILS, Inc.
PYR MEXTM
REALITY
1 CONTAINER
1 HOUR
The energy of 1 container of yogurt (0.3 ltr) keeps a light bulb glowing for 1 hour
The waste put into a dust bin over 1 year contains enough energy to heat water
for
500 bath or
3,500 showers or
keep the TV on for 500 hours

24. Thank you