2. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Objectives
Distinguish between simple and compound sentences.
Punctuate compound sentences joined by and, or, not, and but.
Punctuate compound sentences using conjunctive adverbs such as therefore, however, and consequently.

3. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Recognize correlative conjunctions such as either or, neither nor, and not only but also.
Use parallel constructions in composing sentences with correlative conjunctions.

4. What are conjunctions?
Conjunctions are words that grammatically join equal or unequal words or word groups.

5. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
Join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical value or rank.
Most common are and, or, but, and nor.

6. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
Join words
Our copier is fast, simple, and economical.
Join phrases
Mail is delivered in the morning and in the afternoon.

7. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
Join clauses
Miss Soto is the accounts manager, but Mr. Heinz helps her when necessary.

8. Simple Sentences Ryan created the database.
Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database.

9. Simple Sentences Ryan created the database. subject
Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database. subject

10. Simple Sentences Ryan created the database. subject + verb
Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database. subject + verb

11. Simple Sentences Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object
Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object

12. Simple Sentences
Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object = clause

13. Simple Sentences
Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object = clause ^period

14. Compound Sentences
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.

15. Compound Sentences
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

16. Compound Sentences subject
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

17. Compound Sentences subject + verb
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

18. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

19. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

20. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

21. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

22. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 subject
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.
subject

23. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 subject + verb
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.
subject + verb

24. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.
subject + verb + object

25. Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.
subject + verb + object = clause 2

26. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound Sentences
When a coordinating conjunction joins clauses in compound sentences, a comma precedes the conjunction unless the clauses are very short.

27. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound Sentences
Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for larger businesses.
We called yesterday and we wrote today.

28. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound Sentences
Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for larger businesses.
We called yesterday and we wrote today.

29. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

30. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

31. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

32. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

33. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

34. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

35. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

36. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

37. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

38. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

39. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.

40. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.

41. Check your skill . . . Comma Not Needed
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.
Comma Not Needed

42. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.

43. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

44. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

45. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

46. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

47. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.

48. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.

49. Check your skill . . . Comma Not Needed
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Comma Not Needed

50. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.

51. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.

52. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.

53. Check your skill . . . Comma Not Needed
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.
Comma Not Needed

54. Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.

55. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Conjunctive Adverbs
In addition to coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs may be used to join equal sentence elements.

56. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Conjunctive Adverbs
Here are some common conjunctive adverbs:
consequently hence in fact however thus in the meantime therefore then moreover that is on the contrary on the other hand

57. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Semicolons
Semicolons are used before conjunctive adverbs that join independent clauses.
First, Nancy Latour was honored; then Charlotte Cohen received an award.

58. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
Commas immediately follow conjunctive adverbs of two or more syllables.
Our supply of cassettes is quite low; therefore, we must reorder immediately.

59. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
Many words that function as conjunctive adverbs may also serve as parenthetical (interrupting) adverbs.
Use commas to set off parenthetical adverbs that interrupt the flow of a sentence.

60. Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
We are, therefore, forced to find a new supplier.
You may, on the contrary, prefer a computer.

61. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
Certain conjunctions are always paired:
both and
not only but (or but also)
either or
neither nor

62. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
For greater emphasis use correlative conjunctions instead of coordinating conjunctions.
Your order will be mailed on Friday or on Monday.
Your order will be mailed either on Friday or on Monday.

63. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
In using correlative conjunctions, place them so that the words, phrases, and clauses being joined are parallel in construction.

64. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
Parallel: You may go either in June or in July.
prepositional prepositional phrase phrase
Not Parallel: Either you may go in June or in July.
clause phrase

65. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
Parallel: I am not only pleased but also honored to have your assistance.
Not Parallel: Not only am I pleased to have your assistance but I am also honored.

66. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
Most commonly used coordinating conjunctions:
and but or nor
Three other coordinating conjunctions used occasionally:
yet for so

67. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
Jane said that she wanted to go, yet she hasn’t called.
Filling that position will not be easy, for few applicants have the necessary computer training.

68. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
As a coordinating conjunction, the word so should be used only in informal writing or conversation.

69. Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
Informal: The west parking lot is full, so you should use the south lot.
Improved: The west parking lot is full; therefore, you should use the south lot.
Improved: Because the west parking lot is full, you should use the south lot.

70. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

71. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

72. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government, nevertheless, will suggest no new taxes.

73. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

74. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

75. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money; consequently, we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.

76. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

77. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

78. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits; hence the employees’ union is pleased.

79. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

80. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

81. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

82. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

83. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

84. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered, and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

85. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

86. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

87. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year; on the other hand, indications suggest increased income this year.

88. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

89. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

90. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
7. The president said, moreover, that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.

91. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

92. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

93. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.

94. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

95. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

96. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low, but the potential for growth is great.

97. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

98. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

99. Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers; consequently, I am checking prices.

100. END