1. FUN DIP
Raise Arm = lick
“Test Trial” = DON’T lick

2. Ivan Pavlov and BF Skinner
Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov and BF Skinner

3. Behaviorism Focuses on how we learn Only studies observable responses
Learn through observation; reward and punishment

4. B.F. Skinner
Skinner believed that our beliefs in human FREEDOM and dignity are ILLUSIONS. He believed that we are SLAVES to our environment and NOT actually free to do as we choose.

5. Classical Conditioning
Learning by association; building block of learning

6. Association at work in modern life
Does a winning team elicit more school spirit?
Does displaying a physically attractive model with an automobile make it more attractive?
Do celebrities help sell more products?

7. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that triggers a response AUTOMATICALLY (best friend): no learning required

8. Unconditioned response (UCR)
A reflexive (not learned) response to an UCS (happy)

9. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that gains a learned response (band/theatre/football/b-ball, etc)

10. Conditioned Response (CR)
Response to a conditioned stimulus; usually the same behavior as the UCR but is “learned” (happy)

11. Pavlov’s Dog Before Conditioning During Conditioning
UCS (food in mouth) elicits UCR (salivation)
Neutral Stimulus (bell) elicits no salivation
During Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (bell) + UCS (food) elicits UCR (salivation)
After Conditioning
CS (bell) elicits CR (salivation)
*** Usually classical conditioning elicits a SIMILAR response to a different stimulus

17. Classical Conditioning Alcoholic Scenario

18. Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequences that follows that behavior

19. Law of effect
Behaviors w/favorable consequences will occur more frequently; visa-versa; behaviors w/ a less favorable consequence will occur less frequently

20. Operant Conditioning uses:
Reinforcements: any consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior
Punishments: any consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior

21. ARE all consequences the same for everybody?

22. Is broccoli appealing to everybody?

23. The learner determines whether a consequence is a reinforcement or punishment

24. Suspension from School?
Is suspension from school a reward or a punishment?

25. Reinforcements
Positive: anything that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state
Allowance for work
Candy if you’re good in class
Praise for good behavior
Ex: I give my dog a treat when he goes bathroom outside, rather than inside
Ex: I give my dog a treat when he doesn’t bark at guests.

26. Reinforcements
Negative: anything that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the REMOVAL of an undesirable event or state
Taking Aspirin
Giving into an argument
Fanning yourself
Leaving a movie theatre during a horrible movie
Smoking
Faking a stomach ache to avoid school
Putting up an umbrella to escape the rain

27. Is alcohol a positive or negative reinforcement or punishment or all?

28. Other Types Immediate v. Delayed
What types of real world rewards occur on delayed schedules?
Did you learn to wait for rewards?
Does the media encourage people to delay gratification?
Immediate is more effective than delayed

29. Continued Primary V Secondary
Primary : Something that is naturally rewarding
Food
Warmth
Love
Water
Secondary: something that we have “learned” is rewarding because it has been paired with primary reinforcement
Power = primary; paired w/ $, therefore, we learn that $ is rewarding:
Acknowledgement = Primary; paired w/ grades, therefore, we learn to value grades: grades = secondary

30. Punishments Punishments WEAKENS the behavior because
An undesirable event follow the behavior
I stop buying lottery tickets because I never win
A desirable event ENDS following the behavior
I stop fighting because when I do, I lose my cell phone

31. Is suspension a punishment?