1. Functional Groups IB 1

2. Objectives
Concepts:
–Functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, halogenoalkane
–Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol
Skills:
–Draw and state names of the compounds containing up to six carbon atoms with the following functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, alcohol, ester and halogenoalkane.

3. Functional Groups
As has already been indicated, alkanes are relatively unreactive.
For an organic molecule to be reactive it needs something additional.
A site of reactivity in an organic molecule is called a functional group.
C=C double is a functional group.
Other functional groups contain elements other than C or H, notably O, N and Cl.

4. Functional Group
A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.

5. alkanes C H Only carbon and hydrogen All single bonds
Their names end with -ane
Ethane 5

6. alkenes H C Only carbon and hydrogen A carbon to carbon double bond
Their names end with -ene
Ethene 6

7. alkynes H C Only carbon and hydrogen A carbon to carbon triple bond
Their names end with -yne
Ethyne 7

8. alcohols Only one oxygen Has an O-H group
Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton
They are named as alkanol C H O
Ethanol 8

9. C H O H3 C H O C H O Tertiary alcohol Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol

10. aldehydes H O C Only one oxygen Has a C=O group
C=O group is at the end of the carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom
They are named as alkanal
Ethanal 10

11. ketones C H O Only one oxygen Has a C=O group
C=O group is not at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons
They are named as alkanone C H O
Propanone

12. esters
Has 2 oxygens
One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons.
They are named as Alkylalkanoate C H O
Methylethanoate 12

13. carboxylic acids H O C Has 2 oxygens
Has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon atom
This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain.
They are named as alkanoic acid C H O
Ethanoic acid 13

14. Haloalkanes C Cl H
Have the general formula R-X where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen
They are named as haloalkanes
Chloroethane 14

15. What family does it belong to?C H 15

16. What family does it belong to?C H O 16

17. What family does it belong to?C H O 17

18. What family does it belong to?C O 18

19. What family does it belong to?C H O 19

20. What family does it belong to?C H O 20

21. What family does it belong to?C H O

22. What family does it belong to?C H O