1. Chapter One: Foundations of Civilization (Prehistory – 300 B.C.)
You’re going
to need
1-H
Notesheet
Chapter One: Foundations of Civilization (Prehistory – 300 B.C.) 1

2. Understanding Our Past
Section One:
Understanding Our Past
Objectives:
Learn how scholars study the historical past
Find out how anthropologists investigate the period of prehistory
Understand how discoveries in Africa and beyond have influenced anthropologists’ views about early humans and their ancestors 2

3. study the historical past
Objective:
Learn how scholars
study the historical past 3

4. 4 I) Studying our historical Past
A) Historian-person who studies how people lived in the past primarily using written sources (called historians) 4

5. 5 I) Studying our historical Past
A) Historian-person who studies how people lived in the past primarily using written sources (called historians)
1) Primary source -- First hand account
(1) Journal, diary, letter, interview, some blogs (Team Washington blog)
2) Secondary source -- Account from someone who did not witness event
Textbook, encyclopedia, documentary, some blogs – (ancient Egypt blog) 5

6. anthropologists investigate the period of prehistory
Objective:
Find out how
anthropologists investigate
the period of prehistory
Listen carefully there will be questions after the clip 6

7. Anthropologists (6:20)

8. Let’s see how well you were listening
Anthropologists study A. animals B. the stars C. people D. the earth
Let’s see how well you were listening 8

9. Let’s see how well you were listening
An anthropologist can specialize in one of ____ areas? Cultural Anthropology Archaeology Linguistics Physical Anthropology
Let’s see how well you were listening 4 9

10. Let’s see how well you were listening
Anthropologists study in the
lab
field
library
all of the above
Let’s see how well you were listening 10

11. What do you think field work means?
Studying anyplace people or their artifacts are found… in the Amazon, in a garbage dump, in a city 11

12. B) Anthropology -- study of the origins and development of people and their societies (called anthropologists)
1) Culture – way of life of a society that is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience
Traditions
Clothing/dance
African griot
food 12

13. C) Archaeology -- is the study of the ways of life of early peoples through the examination of their physical remains (called archaeologists)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 13

14. C) Archaeology -- is the study of the ways of life of early peoples through the examination of their physical remains (called archaeologists)
1) Artifact- object made by people – tools, jewelry, clothing, weapons, buildings 14

15. 15 II) Discoveries in Africa and Beyond A) 1930
1) Mary and Louis Leakey 15

16. 16 II) Discoveries in Africa and Beyond A) 1930
1) Mary and Louis Leakey
2) Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 16

17. 17 II) Discoveries in Africa and Beyond A) 1930
1) Mary and Louis Leakey
2) Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
(1) bottom layer – 1.7 to million years old 17

18. 18 II) Discoveries in Africa and Beyond A) 1930
1) Mary and Louis Leakey
2) Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
(1) bottom layer – 1.7 to 2.1
million years old
(a) evidence of technology -skills & tools people use to meet their basic needs. 18

19. “Stone technology appears to have emerged in the eastern Rift Valley about 2.6 million years ago. At this time, tools of Omo Industrial Complex appeared, in which early Homo toolmakers chose a durable crystalline stone, often picked off the ground as a fist-sized cobblestone, to break or chip into a core and several flakes ” (Larock).
Flintknapping 19

20. 20 II) Discoveries in Africa and Beyond A) 1930
1) Mary and Louis Leakey
2) Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
(1) bottom layer – 1.7 to 2.1
million years old
(a) evidence of technology -skills & tools people use to meet their basic needs.
B) 1959
1) Mary Leakey – skull  hominid (walk upright on two feet) 20

21. 21 C) 1974 1) Donald Johanson (1) Ethiopia
(a) Lucy -- 3 million yrs ago – upright walker, ft tall 21

22. Let the Bones Speak (3:17) 22

23. Carbon-14 Dating (1:50) 23

24. Understand how discoveries in Africa and beyond
Objective:
Understand how discoveries
in Africa and beyond
have influenced athropologists'
views about early humans
and their ancestors 24

25. 25 D) Today 1) Believe different groups of hominids lived in Africa
(1) 7 million years ago – earliest group
(2) 2.6 million years ago – Homo habilis -- “handy man”
(a) believe first to make tools  cutting, scraping, sawing of plants, animals, wood 25

26. 26 (3) 2 million years ago –Homo erectus – upright man 26

27. 27 (e) remains found in Asia and Europe – migrated from Africa
(3) 2 million years ago –
(a) fully upright walkers
(b) larger brains and bones, smaller teeth
(c) believe first to use fire
(d) pioneered new stone tool-hand ax
(e) remains found in Asia and Europe – migrated from Africa
Homo erectus – upright man 27

28. 28 (4) 250,000 – 100,000 years ago (a) Homo erectus disappeared and
(b) Homo sapiens appeared
(c) Dispute over where Homo sapiens originated
i. “Out of Africa” then migrated to other parts of world 28

29. 29 (4) 250,000 – 100,000 years ago (a) Homo erectus disappeared and
(b) Homo sapiens appeared
(c) Dispute over where Homo sapiens originated
i. “Out of Africa” then migrated to other parts of world 29

30. 30 (4) 250,000 – 100,000 years ago (a) Homo erectus disappeared and
(b) new group Homo sapiens appeared
(c) Dispute over where Homo sapiens originated
(ii) or Homo erectus and Homo sapiens developed same time in different parts of world 30

31. 31 (d) Agree two groups of Homo sapiens (i) Neanderthals
1. lived mostly in Europe and western Asia
06/homo-neanderthalensis-2.jpg
Neanderthal youtube.com video clip (3:01) 31

32. 32 (d) Agree two groups of Homo sapiens (i) Neanderthals
(ii) earliest modern humans
1. eventually spread over world
06/homo-neanderthalensis-2.jpg
06/homo-neanderthalensis-2.jpg
modern Homo sapiens Neanderthal   32

33. 35 (5) 50,000 to 30,000 years ago (a) Neanderthals disappeared
(b) early modern humans are the only hominids left
06/homo-neanderthalensis-2.jpg 35

34. http://media-2. web. britannica. com/eb-media/36/79536-004-A22C5897 34

35. Work cited
Anthropologists. United Learning Discovery Education. 15 August 2009 <
"A Science Odyssey: Human Evolution." PBS Online. PBS. 12 Aug 2007 <
Before We Ruled the Earth. Discovery Education Discovery Education. 13 August 2009 <
Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, and Anthony Esler. World History. New York.
Boston: Pearson Education, Inc, 2007.
Larock, Roy, and Russell L. Ciochon. "The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo." American Scientist November-December Aug 2007
< >.
Radiometric Dating. Science Channel Discovery Education. 15 August 2009 <
Let the Bones Speak. Discovery Education Discovery Education. 15 August 2009 <
"Unit Four: Regional Perspectives." Exploring Africa. 12 Aug 2007 < 35

36. FYI
O'Neil, Dennis . "Early Modern Human Culture." EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUMANS. 04 Dec Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College. 22 Jun 2008 < 37