1. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

2. Objectives : Define the term, computer
Discuss the history & evolution of computer
Describe the categories of computers
Identify the components, types and functions of a computer
Distinguish between system software and application software

3. What is Computer
Computer can be defined as an electronic device or machine working under a set of instruction, to accept data, process it into meaningful information and store it for future use.

4. History and Evolution of Computer
Babbage and The Countess, Difference and Analytical Engine

5. Most histories of the modern computer begin with the Analytical Engine envisioned by Charles Babbage.
Babbage's assistant and collaborator, Ada Lovelace, is said to have introduced the ideas of program loops and subroutines and is sometimes considered the first programmer.

6. Herman Hollerith, Tabulating Machine

7. In 1890 Herman Hollerith tabulating machine won in competition that was held to find some way to speed the counting process.
The machine uses electrical power rather than mechanical to drive the device.
In 1896 he himself founded the Tabulating Machine Company and in 1924 the successor to this company merged with two other companies to form International Business Machines Corporation – IBM.

8. The Modern Era
During late 1930s, Dr John V Atanasoff, a professor from Iowa State University spent time trying to build an electronic calculating device.
He and his assistant, Clifford Berry built the first digital computer that worked electronically; the ‘ABC’ for Atanasoff Berry Computer.

10. In 1924 the world first general purpose electronic digital computer was built by John Mauchly and his assistant J. Presper Eckert.
Their invention was the ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer which able to multiply a pair of numbers in about three milliseconds.

12. Modern computers inherently follow the ideas of the stored program laid out by John von Neumann in 1945.
Essentially, the program is read by the computer one instruction at a time, an operation is performed, and the computer then reads in the next instruction, and so on.
Recently, computers and programs have been devised that allow multiple programs (and computers) to work on the same problem at the same time in parallel.

13. Categories of Computers
Embedded computers
Supercomputers
Mainframes
Servers
Game consoles
Mobile computers and mobile devices
Personal computers

14. Personal Computers
A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself
Two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple
Desktop computer

15. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Personal computer you can carry from place to place
Examples include notebook computers, laptop computers, netbooks, ultra-thins, and Tablet PCs
Mobile Computer
Computing device small enough to hold in your hand
Examples include smart phones, PDAs, handheld computers, portable media players, and digital cameras
Mobile Device

16. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Notebook computer
Tablet PC
Smart phone
PDA

17. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Handheld computer
Portable media player
Digital camera

18. Game Consoles
A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games

19. Servers
A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network
Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information

20. Mainframes
A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously

21. Supercomputers A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer
Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second

22. Embedded Computers
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product
Consumer Electronics
Mobile and digital telephones
Digital televisions
Cameras
Video recorders
DVD players and recorders
Answering machines
Home Automation Devices
Thermostats
Sprinkling systems
Security monitoring systems
Appliances
Lights
Automobiles
Antilock brakes
Engine control modules
Airbag controller
Cruise control
Process Controllers and Robotics
Remote monitoring systems
Power monitors
Machine controllers
Medical devices
Computer Devices and Office Machines
Keyboards
Printers
Faxes
Copiers

23. Embedded Computers

24. Core Component, Types and Computer Functions Components

25. Input devices – Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer
Output devices – Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
System unit – Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data
Storage devices – Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
Communication devices – Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices

26. Types of Computer:
Analog – Uses arithmetic and logical operations. Eg: computer used in flight centres to measure pressure and temperature
Digital – Operations are on electrical input. Eg; ON=1 OFF=0 used in your personal computers
Hybrid – Combine both operations in analog and digital computers Eg; computer used in hospital to measure patient’s heartbeat

27. Computer functions (Information Processing Cycle)

28. All computers must be able to:
• Gather data
• Process data
• Store data
• Disseminate data
• Display data

29. Concept of Hardware and Software
- the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical components making up a computer system.

31. Terminologies:
Input devices – e.g: mouse, keyboard, scanner, microphone, etc
Output devices – e.g: screen, speaker, printer, etc
System unit – consist of processor, memory, expansion cards, etc.
Storage devices – e.g: diskette drive, hard disk, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive, USB flash drive, memory card
Communication devices – modem, router, hub, NIC, etc

32. SOFTWARE
2 types :
i- System Software
ii- Application software

33. Systems software
Programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices
Operating System (OS)  a set of programs that coordinates all activities among computer hardware devices
Utility Programs  allow the user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices or its programs

34. APPLICATION SOFTWARE Programs designed to make users more productive
Types:
Word Processing,
Spreadsheet,
Database,
Presentation
Graphics